The invention is directed to a process to prepare propylene from a hydrocarbon feed comprising pentane by contacting the hydrocarbon feed with a heterogeneous cracking catalyst as present in one or more fixed beds thereby obtaining a cracked effluent. The heterogeneous catalyst comprises a matrix component and a molecular sieve comprising framework alumina, framework silica and a framework metal selected from the group of Zn, Fe, Ce, La, Y, Ga and/or Zr. Propylene is isolated from the cracked effluent.

An oligomerization catalyst, oligomer products, methods for making and using same. The catalyst can include a supported nickel phosphate compound. The catalyst is stable at oligomerization temperatures of 500° C. or higher and particularly useful for making oligomer products containing C4 to C26 olefins having a boiling point in the range of 170° C. to 360° C.

An oligomerization catalyst, oligomer products, methods for making and using same. The catalyst can include a supported nickel phosphate compound. The catalyst is stable at oligomerization temperatures of 500° C. or higher and particularly useful for making oligomer products containing C4 to C26 olefins having a boiling point in the range of 170° C. to 360° C.

An oligomerization catalyst, oligomer products, methods for making and using same. The catalyst can include a supported nickel phosphate compound. The catalyst is stable at oligomerization temperatures of 500° C. or higher and particularly useful for making oligomer products containing C4 to C26 olefins having a boiling point in the range of 170° C. to 360° C.

A method for making cyclopentadiene fuels comprising producing cyclopent-2-en-1-one or a mixture of cyclopent-2-en-1-one from a bio-based source. The cyclopent-2-en-1-one or the mixture of cyclopent-2-en-1-one is hydrogenated, thereby forming cyclopent-2-en-1-ol or a mixture of cyclopent-2-en-1-ol. The cyclopent-2-en-1-ol or the mixture of cyclopent-2-en-1-ol is dehydrated with a dehydrating agent, thereby forming cyclopentadiene or a mixture of cyclopentadiene. The cyclopentadiene or mixture of cyclopentadiene is converted to dicyclopentadiene or dihydrodicyclopentadiene. The dicyclopentadiene or dihydrodicyclopentadiene is hydrogenated, thereby forming tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene. The tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene is isomerized, thereby forming exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene.

The disclosure relates to a zeolite catalyst for side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol, including a zeolite NaX and Na.sub.3PO.sub.4 or Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4 supported on the zeolite NaX. The zeolite catalyst can be effective for catalyzing the side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol. The disclosure also relates to a process for preparing a zeolite catalyst for side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol, which is simple, practical and cheap in cost.

The invention provides non-naturally occurring microbial organisms having a butadiene pathway. The invention additionally provides methods of using such organisms to produce butadiene.

It is provided a process of converting syngas resulting from the gasification of a carbonaceous material into acetic acid and acrylic acid comprising converting the syngas into methanol and separating the methanol into a first and second stream, carbonylation of the first stream of methanol producing methyl acetate, hydrolyzing the methyl acetate to obtain acetic acid, oxidizing the second stream of the methanol into formaldehyde in a gas phase reaction, and reacting by aldol condensation the formaldehyde and acetic acid to produce acrylic acid. Particularly, the first stream of methanol is dehydrated to produce dimethyl ether (DME) and the DME is further contacted with syngas under an iodide-free environment to produce the methyl acetate by carbonylation, and subsequently acetic acid using a reactive distillation column.

Forming a diene includes contacting a reactant including at least one of a cyclic ether and a diol with a heterogeneous acid catalyst to yield a reaction mixture including a diene. The heterogeneous acid catalyst includes at least one of a Lewis acid catalyst, a supported Lewis-acid catalyst, a Brnsted acid catalyst, a solid acid catalyst, a supported phosphoric acid catalyst, and a sulfonated catalyst. The dehydration of cyclic ethers and diols with high selectivity to yield dienes completes pathways for the production of dienes, such as isoprene and butadiene, from biomass in high yields, thereby promoting economical production of dienes from renewable resources.

Process for the preparation of a catalyst and a catalyst comprising enhanced mesoporosity is provided herein. Thus, in one embodiment, provided is a particulate FCC catalyst comprising 2 to 50 wt % of one or more ultra stabilized high Si02/A1203 ratio large pore faujasite zeolite or a rare earth containing USY, 0 to 50 wt % of one or more rare-earth exchanged large pore faujasite zeolite, 0 to 30 wt % of small to medium pore size zeolites, 5 to 45 wt % quasi-crystalline boehmite 0 to 35 wt % microcrystalline boehmite, 0 to 25 wt % of a first silica, 2 to 30 wt % of a second silica, 0.1 to 10 wt % one or more rare earth components showiomg enhanced mesoporosity in the range of 6-40 nm, the numbering of the silica corresponding to their orders of introduction in the preparation process.