A non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery, and a lithium secondary battery including the same are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a non-aqueous electrolyte solution includes a lithium salt, a non-aqueous solvent including a carbonate-based solvent and propyl propionate, and a compound represented by Formula 1. In some embodiments, the carbonate-based solvent is ethylene carbonate.

The application pertains to a process comprising a) acidifying a carbohydrate to a pH below 2; b) heating the mixture from step a) to a temperature from about 60° C. to about 100° C.; c) adding a catalyst to the mixture from step b) over a time from about 10 minutes to about 200 minutes; d) heating the mixture from step c) to a temperature from about 121° C. to about 140° C. and to a pressure of about 4.5 Kg/cm.sup.2 to about 5.3 Kg/cm.sup.2 over a time from about 15 minutes to about 90 minutes; and e) maintaining the mixture of step d) at a temperature from about 121° C. to about 140° C. and a pressure of about 4.5 Kg/cm.sup.2 to about 5.3 Kg/cm.sup.2 over a time from about 1 minute to about 300 minutes.

The application pertains to a process comprising a) acidifying a carbohydrate to a pH below 2; b) heating the mixture from step a) to a temperature from about 60° C. to about 100° C.; c) adding a catalyst to the mixture from step b) over a time from about 10 minutes to about 200 minutes; d) heating the mixture from step c) to a temperature from about 121° C. to about 140° C. and to a pressure of about 4.5 Kg/cm.sup.2 to about 5.3 Kg/cm.sup.2 over a time from about 15 minutes to about 90 minutes; and e) maintaining the mixture of step d) at a temperature from about 121° C. to about 140° C. and a pressure of about 4.5 Kg/cm.sup.2 to about 5.3 Kg/cm.sup.2 over a time from about 1 minute to about 300 minutes.

A printed energy storage device includes a first electrode including zinc, a second electrode including manganese dioxide, and a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode, the first electrode, second, electrode, and separator printed onto a substrate. The device may include a first current collector and/or a second current collector printed onto the substrate. The energy storage device may include a printed intermediate layer between the separator and the first electrode. The first electrode, and the second electrode may include 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C.sub.2mimBF.sub.4). The first electrode and the second electrode may include an electrolyte having zinc tetrafluoroborate (ZnBF.sub.4) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C.sub.2mimBF.sub.4). The first electrode, the second electrode, the first current collector, and/or the second current collector can include carbon nanotubes. The separator may include solid microspheres.

The present invention provides a compound selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (I), pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, prodrugs, hydrates, solvates and isomers thereof; a use of the compound for the treatment, relief or prevention of diseases caused by abnormal or uncontrolled activation of protein kinase, and a use of the compound for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment, relief or prevention of the diseases; a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound as an active ingredient; and a method for the treatment, relief or prevention of the diseases using the compound. The inventive compound is useful for the treatment, relief or prevention of diseases caused by abnormal or uncontrolled activation of protein kinase.

The present invention provides an ionic liquid or plastic crystal comprising an anion and a cation, the anion comprising [C(SO.sub.2F).sub.3].sup.−, and the cation comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([EMI].sup.+), N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium ([DEME].sup.+), N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium ([Py.sub.13].sup.+), N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium ([PP.sub.13].sup.+), tetramethylammonium ([N.sub.1111].sup.+), tetraethylammonium ([N.sub.2222].sup.+), trimethylhexylammonium ([N.sub.6111].sup.+), triethylhexylammonium ([N.sub.6222].sup.+), N-methyl-ethylpyrrolidinium ([Py.sub.12].sup.+), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C.sub.4mim].sup.+), and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C.sub.6mim].sup.+).

An electrolyte solution for a lithium ion secondary battery containing at least one compound (1) selected from compounds represented by formulas (1A) and (1B):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.101 and R.sup.102, each independently, are a C5-C10 organic group, optionally contain at least one selected from a hetero atom and an unsaturated bond, and optionally contain a ring,

##STR00002##

wherein R.sup.103 to R.sup.105, each independently, are a C1-C10 organic group, optionally contain at least one selected from the group consisting of a hetero atom and an unsaturated bond, and optionally contain a ring.

An electrolyte solution for a lithium ion secondary battery containing at least one compound (1) selected from compounds represented by formulas (1A) and (1B):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.101 and R.sup.102, each independently, are a C5-C10 organic group, optionally contain at least one selected from a hetero atom and an unsaturated bond, and optionally contain a ring,

##STR00002##

wherein R.sup.103 to R.sup.105, each independently, are a C1-C10 organic group, optionally contain at least one selected from the group consisting of a hetero atom and an unsaturated bond, and optionally contain a ring.

The present invention relates to a process for dissolving metals in perhalide containing ionic liquids, and to the extraction of metals from mineral ores; the remediation of materials contaminated with heavy, toxic or radioactive metals; and to the removal of heavy and toxic metals from hydrocarbon streams.

The present invention relates to a process for dissolving metals in perhalide containing ionic liquids, and to the extraction of metals from mineral ores; the remediation of materials contaminated with heavy, toxic or radioactive metals; and to the removal of heavy and toxic metals from hydrocarbon streams.