A method for extracting a rare earth metal from a mixture of one or more rare earth metals, said method comprising countercurrently contacting an acidic solution of the rare earth metal with a composition which comprises an ionic liquid to form an aqueous phase and a non-aqueous phase into which the rare earth metal has been selectively extracted.

A polymerizable Gemini surfactant based on tail groups with mixed isomer dienes. The Gemini surfactants may be produced having imidazolium head groups and diene tail groups with a near-equal abundance of the “E” and “Z” isomers. These compounds are lyotropic liquid crystals that can form bicontinuous cubic phases by self-assembly.

The present invention concerns a process for preparing a compound having the Formula A; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, or for preparing a substituted urea compound of Formula IIa, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, the process comprising the reaction of an imidazolyl intermediate of Formula IIa′ with a carbamoyl halide of the formula: R1R2NC(═O)Hal, wherein Hal represents Cl, F, I or Br, wherein the intermediate of Formula IIa′ is prepared by oxidation of the derivative of R5 and R6, R6-C(═O)CH.sub.2R5 to form a glyoxal intermediate R6-C(═O)(C═O)R5, which is subjected to treatment with ammonium hydroxide and an aldehyde R8CHO to provide the intermediate of Formula IIa′ and wherein the compound substituents are as defined herein. ##STR00001##

The present invention concerns a process for preparing a compound having the Formula A; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, or for preparing a substituted urea compound of Formula IIa, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, the process comprising the reaction of an imidazolyl intermediate of Formula IIa′ with a carbamoyl halide of the formula: R1R2NC(═O)Hal, wherein Hal represents Cl, F, I or Br, wherein the intermediate of Formula IIa′ is prepared by oxidation of the derivative of R5 and R6, R6-C(═O)CH.sub.2R5 to form a glyoxal intermediate R6-C(═O)(C═O)R5, which is subjected to treatment with ammonium hydroxide and an aldehyde R8CHO to provide the intermediate of Formula IIa′ and wherein the compound substituents are as defined herein. ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to imidazoyl urea polymers and their use in aqueous acidic plating baths for metal or metal alloy deposition such as electrolytic deposition of copper or alloys thereof in the manufacture of printed circuit boards, IC substrates, semiconducting and glass devices for electronic applications. The plating bath according to the present invention comprises at least one source of metal ions and an imidazoyl urea polymer. The plating bath is particularly useful for filling recessed structures and build-up of pillar bump structures.

The present invention relates to imidazoyl urea polymers and their use in aqueous acidic plating baths for metal or metal alloy deposition such as electrolytic deposition of copper or alloys thereof in the manufacture of printed circuit boards, IC substrates, semiconducting and glass devices for electronic applications. The plating bath according to the present invention comprises at least one source of metal ions and an imidazoyl urea polymer. The plating bath is particularly useful for filling recessed structures and build-up of pillar bump structures.

Methods of treating or suppressing mitochondrial diseases, such as Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON), mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactacidosis, and stroke (MELAS), Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS), are disclosed, as well as compounds useful in the methods of the invention, such as 4-(p-quinolyl)-2-hydroxybutanamide derivatives. Methods and compounds useful in treating other disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and pervasive developmental disorders such as autism are also disclosed. Energy biomarkers useful in assessing the metabolic state of a subject and the efficacy of treatment are also disclosed. Methods of modulating, normalizing, or enhancing energy biomarkers, as well as compounds useful for such methods, are also disclosed.

Methods of treating or suppressing mitochondrial diseases, such as Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON), mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactacidosis, and stroke (MELAS), Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS), are disclosed, as well as compounds useful in the methods of the invention, such as 4-(p-quinolyl)-2-hydroxybutanamide derivatives. Methods and compounds useful in treating other disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and pervasive developmental disorders such as autism are also disclosed. Energy biomarkers useful in assessing the metabolic state of a subject and the efficacy of treatment are also disclosed. Methods of modulating, normalizing, or enhancing energy biomarkers, as well as compounds useful for such methods, are also disclosed.

Methods of treating or suppressing mitochondrial diseases, such as Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON), mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactacidosis, and stroke (MELAS), Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS), are disclosed, as well as compounds useful in the methods of the invention, such as 4-(p-quinolyl)-2-hydroxybutanamide derivatives. Methods and compounds useful in treating other disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and pervasive developmental disorders such as autism are also disclosed. Energy biomarkers useful in assessing the metabolic state of a subject and the efficacy of treatment are also disclosed. Methods of modulating, normalizing, or enhancing energy biomarkers, as well as compounds useful for such methods, are also disclosed.

Methods of treating or suppressing mitochondrial diseases, such as Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON), mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactacidosis, and stroke (MELAS), Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS), are disclosed, as well as compounds useful in the methods of the invention, such as 4-(p-quinolyl)-2-hydroxybutanamide derivatives. Methods and compounds useful in treating other disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and pervasive developmental disorders such as autism are also disclosed. Energy biomarkers useful in assessing the metabolic state of a subject and the efficacy of treatment are also disclosed. Methods of modulating, normalizing, or enhancing energy biomarkers, as well as compounds useful for such methods, are also disclosed.