A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, having a structure of: ##STR00001## wherein X is a divalent linking moiety; and R.sup.1-R.sup.10 are each individually H, optionally-substituted alkyl, optionally-substituted alkoxy, optionally-substituted aryl, optionally-substituted cycloalkyl, optionally-substituted heterocyclic, halogen, amino, or hydroxy, provided that at least one of R.sup.3 or R.sup.8 is an optionally-substituted alkyl, a substituted alkoxy, optionally-substituted aryl, optionally-substituted cycloalkyl, optionally-substituted heterocyclic, or halogen.

A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, having a structure of: ##STR00001## wherein X is a divalent linking moiety; and R.sup.1-R.sup.10 are each individually H, optionally-substituted alkyl, optionally-substituted alkoxy, optionally-substituted aryl, optionally-substituted cycloalkyl, optionally-substituted heterocyclic, halogen, amino, or hydroxy, provided that at least one of R.sup.3 or R.sup.8 is an optionally-substituted alkyl, a substituted alkoxy, optionally-substituted aryl, optionally-substituted cycloalkyl, optionally-substituted heterocyclic, or halogen.

An amide/iminium zwitterion catalyst has a catalyst pocket size that promotes transesterification and dehydrative esterification. The amide/iminium zwitterions are easily prepared by reacting aziridines with aminopyridines. The reaction can be applied a wide variety of esterification processes including the large-scale synthesis of biodiesel. The amide/iminium zwitterions allow the avoidance of strongly basic or acidic condition and avoidance of metal contamination in the products. Reactions are carried out at ambient or only modestly elevated temperatures. The amide/iminium zwitterion catalyst is easily recycled and reactions proceed in high to quantitative yields.

An amide/iminium zwitterion catalyst has a catalyst pocket size that promotes transesterification and dehydrative esterification. The amide/iminium zwitterions are easily prepared by reacting aziridines with aminopyridines. The reaction can be applied a wide variety of esterification processes including the large-scale synthesis of biodiesel. The amide/iminium zwitterions allow the avoidance of strongly basic or acidic condition and avoidance of metal contamination in the products. Reactions are carried out at ambient or only modestly elevated temperatures. The amide/iminium zwitterion catalyst is easily recycled and reactions proceed in high to quantitative yields.

This invention is directed to transition metal-based-halloysite nanocomposites and methods of making and using the same.

The present invention relates to novel cationic azomethine direct dyes of formula (I) and the leuco forms thereof of formula (II), and also to the use thereof for dyeing keratin fibres, in particular human keratin fibres such as the hair: (I) (II) in which formula (I) or (II) X.sub.1, X.sub.2, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, n and n are as defined in the description. The compounds of formula (I) according to the invention can give powerful, chromatic and sparingly selective colourings with good colour build-up, which are resistant to the various attacking factors to which keratin fibres may be subjected, such as inclement weather, light, washing and perspiration. ##STR00001##

The present invention provides compounds, compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.

A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, having a structure of: ##STR00001## wherein X is a divalent linking moiety; and R.sup.1-R.sup.10 are each individually H, optionally-substituted alkyl, optionally-substituted alkoxy, optionally-substituted aryl, optionally-substituted cycloalkyl, optionally-substituted heterocyclic, halogen, amino, or hydroxy, provided that at least one of R.sup.3 or R.sup.8 is an optionally-substituted alkyl, a substituted alkoxy, optionally-substituted aryl, optionally-substituted cycloalkyl, optionally-substituted heterocyclic, or halogen.

A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, having a structure of: ##STR00001## wherein X is a divalent linking moiety; and R.sup.1-R.sup.10 are each individually H, optionally-substituted alkyl, optionally-substituted alkoxy, optionally-substituted aryl, optionally-substituted cycloalkyl, optionally-substituted heterocyclic, halogen, amino, or hydroxy, provided that at least one of R.sup.3 or R.sup.8 is an optionally-substituted alkyl, a substituted alkoxy, optionally-substituted aryl, optionally-substituted cycloalkyl, optionally-substituted heterocyclic, or halogen.

The present invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of 3-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl) aniline of Formula (I).