Systems and methods for visual acuity calculation including consideration of a combination of ocular aberrations and lens aberrations are disclosed. One method includes obtaining ocular aberration data and introducing a correction in the defocus term of the ocular aberration data to account for longitudinal chromatic aberration. Lens aberration data is obtained, including performing raytracing through the ophthalmic lens of the patient. Correction to tilt and defocus terms of the lens aberration data is made to account for transverse and longitudinal chromatic aberrations. Polychromatic Point Spread Functions (PSFs) associated to the ocular aberration data and lens aberration data are used to generate retinal images. Retinal sampling is applied to the retinal images, followed by filtering and normalizing the retinal images is also performed. Finally, a maximum visual acuity value is determined. The methods are performed using one or more computing devices.

One embodiment is directed to a system comprising a head-mounted member removably coupleable to the user's head; one or more electromagnetic radiation emitters coupled to the head-mounted member and configured to emit light with at least two different wavelengths toward at least one of the eyes of the user; one or more electromagnetic radiation detectors coupled to the head-mounted member and configured to receive light reflected after encountering at least one blood vessel of the eye; and a controller operatively coupled to the one or more electromagnetic radiation emitters and detectors and configured to cause the one or more electromagnetic radiation emitters to emit pulses of light while also causing the one or more electromagnetic radiation detectors to detect levels of light absorption related to the emitted pulses of light, and to produce an output that is proportional to an oxygen saturation level in the blood vessel.

One embodiment is directed to a system comprising a head-mounted member removably coupleable to the user's head; one or more electromagnetic radiation emitters coupled to the head-mounted member and configured to emit light with at least two different wavelengths toward at least one of the eyes of the user; one or more electromagnetic radiation detectors coupled to the head-mounted member and configured to receive light reflected after encountering at least one blood vessel of the eye; and a controller operatively coupled to the one or more electromagnetic radiation emitters and detectors and configured to cause the one or more electromagnetic radiation emitters to emit pulses of light while also causing the one or more electromagnetic radiation detectors to detect levels of light absorption related to the emitted pulses of light, and to produce an output that is proportional to an oxygen saturation level in the blood vessel.

The multi-scale scanning imaging system (200) of the retina comprises according to an example a lighting and detection module (210) configured for emitting a lighting beam and for detecting a beam reemitted by the retina, a first scanning module (231) of the lighting beam and the reemitted beam, a first optical path, referred to as a “wide field” path, and a second optical path, referred to as a “small field” path, for focusing the lighting beam on the retina and for receiving the beam reemitted by the retina. The “wide field” path comprises a first optical system (205, 201) configured to conjugate a plane located near a plane of rotation of the scanning module and the plane (17) of the entrance pupil of the eye (10). The “small field” path comprises a wavefront correction device (250), a second optical system (257, 256, 253) configured to conjugate a plane located near a plane of rotation of the at least one first scanning module and the effective surface of the wavefront correction device, a third optical system, comprising at least part of the first optical system, configured to conjugate said effective surface (251) of the correction device and the plane of the entrance pupil of the eye. The multi-scale scanning imaging system further comprises a first optical deflection element (241) configured to send the beam reemitted by the retina on one and/or the other of the first and second imaging paths and intended to be positioned on the first imaging path, between the common part (201, 205) of the first and third optical systems and the scanning module (210), and on the second imaging path, between the common part of the first and third optical systems and the wavefront correction device.

An anisoplanatic aberration correction method and apparatus for adaptive optical biaxial scanning imaging are provided. Insofar as no adaptive optical wavefront sensor and wavefront corrector are added, an anisoplanatic aberration of biaxial scanning is divided into a plurality of isoplanatic sub-fields of view by means of a time-sharing method and according to a beam scanning trajectory; aberration measurement and closed-loop correction are respectively completed in each isoplanatic region sub-field of view, and a residual aberration of a formed image of each isoplanatic region sub-field of view is also supplementally corrected on the basis of an image processing technology, thereby realizing complete correction of an anisoplanatic aberration of a wide field of view. The aberration correction of a wide field of view can be completed only by a single wavefront sensor and a single wavefront corrector, so that the limitation of an isoplanatic region to an adaptive optical imaging field of view can be broken through, the aberration correction and high-resolution imaging of a wide field of view of a retina are realized, almost none of the system complexities is increased, and the method and the apparatus have extremely high practicability. The correction of an image subjected to deconvolution is low in cost, and the correction effect is good.

Ophthalmic lenses and method of manufacturing ophthalmic lenses are disclosed. The lenses are manufactured with markers for aligning the lenses in a particular rotational alignment with respect to a spectacle frame. The lenses can also be provided with scattering parts for defocus to prevent myopia.

Portable corneal topographers and portable corneal topographer modules are disclosed. In one embodiment, a corneal topographer module comprises a housing having a first aperture and a second aperture formed therethrough; and a plurality of optical components disposed within the housing. The plurality of optical components are arranged to direct light generated by a light source through the first aperture to the cornea via a first optical channel when a cornea of a patient's eye is located adjacent to the first aperture; and direct reflected light from the cornea into the housing through the first aperture and to a light detector of a mobile device via a second optical channel when the corneal topographer module is mechanically coupled to the mobile device.

An apparatus for determining the refractive characteristics of an imaging system having an inaccessible and diffusive image surface, such as the human eye. Refractive characteristics of the entire wavefront are ascertained by measuring the refractive power of a representative sample of segments of the pupil. By illuminating only a selected segment, the characteristics of each individual segment may be accurately measured using illumination reflected by the diffusive image surface of the subject optical system, and transmitted only through the transmitting segment. Combination of the refractive characteristics of measured segments constitutes the pupil function of the measured optical system, and can be used for a precise determination of corrective lenses. Characteristics of the system measured, including spectral sensitivity and focusing, are also determined.

Systems and methods for auto-calibrating a virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) head-mounted display to a given user with a refractive condition without adding corrective lenses to optical elements of the head-mounted display and without requiring subjective refraction procedures. A method comprises projecting a grid onto an eye of a user using a light source of a head-mounted display worn by the user, capturing the grid as-reflected from the eye using a camera of the head-mounted display, determining a pattern of a reflection of the grid based on the grid as-reflected, generating an aberration map based on a difference between the pattern as-reflected and the grid as-projected, and determining a correction to apply to at least one viewing lens of the head-mounted display worn by the user based on the aberration map.

Methods and devices are provided to obtain refractive correction with superior visual acuity (e.g., 20/10) by achieving an astigmatism-free customized refractive correction. The astigmatism-free customized refractive correction involves obtaining an objective and precise measurement of cylindrical power in a resolution between 0.01 D and 0.10 D in an eye using an objective aberrometer, reliably relating the cylindrical axis obtained from the objective aberrometer to that in a phoroptor, determining an optimized focus error of an eye through subjective refraction with a phoroptor, generating a customized refraction by combining the objective measured cylindrical power, the objective measured cylindrical axis, and the subjectively measured focus power, fabricating a custom lens with a tolerance finer than 0.09 D based on the generated customized refraction, and delivering an ophthalmic lens that can provide an astigmatism-free refractive correction for an eye.