Provided is an organic electroluminescent element having high efficiency, a long lifetime, and bending resistance. An organic electroluminescent element includes a light emitting layer and an electron transport layer adjacent to the light emitting layer between a positive electrode and a negative electrode. A host compound of the light emitting layer has an ionization potential deeper than that of a light emitting dopant of the light emitting layer by 0.3 eV or more. At least one organic compound contained in the electron transport layer has a molecular dipole moment of 6.0 debye or more.

Provided is an organic electroluminescent element having high efficiency, a long lifetime, and bending resistance. An organic electroluminescent element includes a light emitting layer and an electron transport layer adjacent to the light emitting layer between a positive electrode and a negative electrode. A host compound of the light emitting layer has an ionization potential deeper than that of a light emitting dopant of the light emitting layer by 0.3 eV or more. At least one organic compound contained in the electron transport layer has a molecular dipole moment of 6.0 debye or more.

The present invention relates to a fluorescently-tagged (co)polymer useful as a scale inhibitor in industrial water systems. Said (co)polymer comprises a (i) reactive fluorescent compound selected from a diazole compound (ii) at least one monoethylenically unsaturated acid monomer, and (iii) optionally, at least one monoethylenically unsaturated acid-free monomer.

Disclosed are compounds of formula (I) below and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof: (I), in which each of variables R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, A.sub.1, A.sub.2, A.sub.3, A.sub.4, X and Y is defined herein. Also disclosed are methods for reducing the glycemic level and treating glucagon-associated disorders with a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof and a pharmaceutical composition containing same. ##STR00001##

A method of modulating ribonucleotide reductase activity in a neoplastic cell includes administering to the cell an amount of an oxadiazole, thiazole, diazole, triazole, or tetrazole ribonucleotide reductase modulator (RRmod), the amount being effective to inhibit neoplastic cell growth.

The present invention relates to a novel tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor and a pharmaceutical composition including same, wherein the novel tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor has an excellent inhibitory effect on TPH1, and thus can be usefully used for the prevention or treatment of disorders, such as metabolic disorders, cancer, digestive or cardiovascular system disorders, related to TPH1 activity. In particular, the novel tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor has an excellent treatment effect on inflammatory bowel disorders, and thus can be usefully used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disorder.

Disclosed herein, inter alia, are agents having antiviral activity and methods of use thereof.

Disclosed herein, inter alia, are agents having antiviral activity and methods of use thereof.

The invention describes compounds that inhibit both HDAC and GSK3β (i.e., HDAC/GSK3β dual inhibitors). The invention further describes compositions containing these HDAC/GSK3β dual inhibitors, as well as methods and kits using these HDAC/GSK3β dual inhibitors to treat various medical conditions. The invention also provides methods and kits using a HDAC inhibitor and a GSK3β to treat various medical conditions, and compositions containing a HDAC inhibitor and a GSK3β. Medical conditions treatable with various embodiments of the invention include but are not limited to cancers and tumors.

The invention describes compounds that inhibit both HDAC and GSK3β (i.e., HDAC/GSK3β dual inhibitors). The invention further describes compositions containing these HDAC/GSK3β dual inhibitors, as well as methods and kits using these HDAC/GSK3β dual inhibitors to treat various medical conditions. The invention also provides methods and kits using a HDAC inhibitor and a GSK3β to treat various medical conditions, and compositions containing a HDAC inhibitor and a GSK3β. Medical conditions treatable with various embodiments of the invention include but are not limited to cancers and tumors.