Substituted hydroquinones and quinones and methods of synthesizing such compounds are disclosed herein. The substituted hydroquinones have the formula: ##STR00001##
while the substituted quinones have the corresponding oxidized structure (1,4-benzoquinones). One, two, three, or all four of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 comprise a thioether moiety and a sulfonate moiety, and wherein each R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 that does not comprise a thioether and a sulfonate moiety sulfonate moiety is independently a hydrogen, an alkyl or an electron withdrawing group. The substituted hydroquinones and quinones are soluble in water, stable in aqueous acid solutions, and have a high reduction potential in the oxidized form. Accordingly, they can be used as redox mediators in emerging technologies, such as in mediated fuel cells or organic-mediator flow batteries.

Substituted hydroquinones and quinones and methods of synthesizing such compounds are disclosed herein. The substituted hydroquinones have the formula: ##STR00001##
while the substituted quinones have the corresponding oxidized structure (1,4-benzoquinones). One, two, three, or all four of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 comprise a thioether moiety and a sulfonate moiety, and wherein each R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 that does not comprise a thioether and a sulfonate moiety sulfonate moiety is independently a hydrogen, an alkyl or an electron withdrawing group. The substituted hydroquinones and quinones are soluble in water, stable in aqueous acid solutions, and have a high reduction potential in the oxidized form. Accordingly, they can be used as redox mediators in emerging technologies, such as in mediated fuel cells or organic-mediator flow batteries.

Probes, methods and kits for detecting and measuring abasic (AP) sites in a nucleic acid are provided. Aspects of the methods include determining glycosylase enzyme activity. Further provided herein are methods of quantifying AP sites in genomic DNA, and quantifying the amount of DNA damage. The subject probes include a fluorophore linked to an alpha nucleophile that reacts with the AP site of the nucleic acid to produce a highly fluorescent conjugate.

Probes, methods and kits for detecting and measuring abasic (AP) sites in a nucleic acid are provided. Aspects of the methods include determining glycosylase enzyme activity. Further provided herein are methods of quantifying AP sites in genomic DNA, and quantifying the amount of DNA damage. The subject probes include a fluorophore linked to an alpha nucleophile that reacts with the AP site of the nucleic acid to produce a highly fluorescent conjugate.

A near-infrared absorber includes a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1. A near-infrared absorbing/blocking film, a photoelectric device, an organic sensor, and an electronic device may include the near-infrared absorber. ##STR00001## In Chemical Formula 1, Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, X.sup.1, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are the same as defined in the detailed description.

A near-infrared absorber includes a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1. A near-infrared absorbing/blocking film, a photoelectric device, an organic sensor, and an electronic device may include the near-infrared absorber. ##STR00001## In Chemical Formula 1, Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, X.sup.1, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are the same as defined in the detailed description.

Irreversible inhibitors of G12C mutant K-Ras protein are provided. Also disclosed are methods to modulate the activity of G12C mutant K-Ras protein and methods of treatment of disorders mediated by G12C mutant K-Ras protein.

Irreversible inhibitors of G12C mutant K-Ras protein are provided. Also disclosed are methods to modulate the activity of G12C mutant K-Ras protein and methods of treatment of disorders mediated by G12C mutant K-Ras protein.

The present invention relates to a fluorescently-tagged (co)polymer and use thereof useful as a scale inhibitor in industrial water systems. Said (co)polymer comprises a (i) reactive fluorescent compound selected from a benzodiazole compound (ii) at least one monoethylenically unsaturated acid monomer, and (iii) optionally, at least one monoethylenically unsaturated acid-free monomer.

Provided herein are amino-benzoisothiazole and benzoisothiadiazole amide compounds. In particular, provided herein are compounds that affect the function of kinases in a cell and that are useful as therapeutic agents or with therapeutic agents. The compounds provided herein are useful in the treatment of a variety of diseases and conditions including eye diseases such as glaucoma, retinal diseases such as acute macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME), diseases and conditions characterized by inflammatory processes, cardiovascular diseases, and diseases characterized by abnormal growth, such as cancers. Also provided are compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) comprising the compounds provided herein.