A lipid membrane structure includes, as lipid components, a lipid compound represented by Formula (I):

##STR00001##

[in the formula, a represents an integer of 3 to 5; b represents an integer of 0 or 1; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently represents a linear hydrocarbon group that may have —CO—O—; and X represents a 5- to 7-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic group or a group represented by Formula (B) (in the formula, d represents an integer of 0 to 3, and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 each independently represents a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group or a C.sub.2-4 alkenyl group, where, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 may be bonded to each other to form a 5- to 7-membered non-aromatic heterocycle (where, one or two C.sub.1-4 alkyl groups or C.sub.2-4 alkenyl groups may be substituted on the ring)].

A method of producing an alcohol, comprises reducing an aldehyde or a ketone with a hydridosilatrane. The reducing is carried out with an activator.

The present invention concerns: a plant growth-promoting agent comprising a compound represented by Formula (I) or a salt thereof:

##STR00001##

wherein Ar.sup.1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, NZ represents a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring group or an acyclic nitrogen-containing group having a partial structure of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring group, n is 0, 1, or 2, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each represent a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-3-alkyl group, a cyano group, or a carboxyl group, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may together form an oxo group, and when n is 2, R.sup.1 or R.sup.2 may be the same or different; and a method for promoting plant growth using the plant growth-promoting agent.

The present invention concerns: a plant growth-promoting agent comprising a compound represented by Formula (I) or a salt thereof:

##STR00001##

wherein Ar.sup.1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, NZ represents a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring group or an acyclic nitrogen-containing group having a partial structure of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring group, n is 0, 1, or 2, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each represent a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-3-alkyl group, a cyano group, or a carboxyl group, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may together form an oxo group, and when n is 2, R.sup.1 or R.sup.2 may be the same or different; and a method for promoting plant growth using the plant growth-promoting agent.

There are disclosed compounds that modulate or inhibit the enzymatic activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), pharmaceutical compositions containing said compounds and methods of treating proliferative disorders, such as cancer, viral infections and/or inflammatory disorders utilizing the compounds of the disclosure.

There are disclosed compounds that modulate or inhibit the enzymatic activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), pharmaceutical compositions containing said compounds and methods of treating proliferative disorders, such as cancer, viral infections and/or inflammatory disorders utilizing the compounds of the disclosure.

The present invention is directed to 1,4-disubstituted piperidines, 1,4-disubstituted piperazines, 1,4-disubstituted diazepanes, and 1,3-disubstituted pyrrolidine compounds and their use.

The present invention is directed to 1,4-disubstituted piperidines, 1,4-disubstituted piperazines, 1,4-disubstituted diazepanes, and 1,3-disubstituted pyrrolidine compounds and their use.

Methods and compositions are provided for synthesizing ionic liquids from lignin derived compounds comprising: contacting a starting material comprising lignin with a depolymerization agent to depolymerize the lignin and form a mixture of aldehyde containing compounds; contacting the mixture of aldehyde containing compounds with an amine under conditions suitable to convert the mixture of aldehyde containing compounds to a mixture of amine containing compounds; and contacting the mixture of amine containing compounds with an acid under conditions suitable to form an ammonium salt, thereby preparing the ionic liquid.

Methods and compositions are provided for synthesizing ionic liquids from lignin derived compounds comprising: contacting a starting material comprising lignin with a depolymerization agent to depolymerize the lignin and form a mixture of aldehyde containing compounds; contacting the mixture of aldehyde containing compounds with an amine under conditions suitable to convert the mixture of aldehyde containing compounds to a mixture of amine containing compounds; and contacting the mixture of amine containing compounds with an acid under conditions suitable to form an ammonium salt, thereby preparing the ionic liquid.