Methods described herein relate to a partial reduction of esters to aldehydes or nitrogen-containing products facilitated by Group IV transition metal catalysts, using hydrosilanes as the reductant. The method allows the product to be preserved at the aldehyde oxidation level rather than over-reduction to the corresponding alcohol and can result in the formation of value-added recycled monomers. Methods described herein can be used for the direct catalytic chemical upcycling of polyester plastic waste through depolymerization transformations.

The instant invention provides for novel cationic lipids that can be used in combination with other lipid components such as cholesterol and PEG-lipids to form lipid nanoparticles with oligonucleotides. It is an object of the instant invention to provide a cationic lipid scaffold that demonstrates enhanced efficacy along with lower liver toxicity as a result of lower lipid levels in the liver. The present invention employs low molecular weight cationic lipids with one short lipid chain to enhance the efficiency and tolerability of in vivo delivery of siRNA.

The instant invention provides for novel cationic lipids that can be used in combination with other lipid components such as cholesterol and PEG-lipids to form lipid nanoparticles with oligonucleotides. It is an object of the instant invention to provide a cationic lipid scaffold that demonstrates enhanced efficacy along with lower liver toxicity as a result of lower lipid levels in the liver. The present invention employs low molecular weight cationic lipids with one short lipid chain to enhance the efficiency and tolerability of in vivo delivery of siRNA.

The present invention relates to compounds of formula (I) wherein X is N or P; SO.sub.3 is OS(O).sub.2 or S(O).sub.2O; and n and R.sup.1 to R.sup.5 are defined below, and to their use as additives for electrolyte compositions, in particular in electrolyte compositions for lithium batteries.

##STR00001##

The present invention provides inventive conjugated polyethyleneimine (PEI) polymers and conjugated aza-macrocycles (collectively referred to herein as conjugated lipomers or lipomers) containing one or more groups of the formula (iii): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are as defined herein. Also provided are compositions comprising the inventive conjugated lipomers, and methods of preparation and use.

The present invention provides inventive conjugated polyethyleneimine (PEI) polymers and conjugated aza-macrocycles (collectively referred to herein as conjugated lipomers or lipomers) containing one or more groups of the formula (iii): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are as defined herein. Also provided are compositions comprising the inventive conjugated lipomers, and methods of preparation and use.

Described are methods for preparing a deuterated aldehyde using N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts in a solvent comprising D.sub.2O. The methods may be used to convert a wide variety of aldehydes (e.g., aryl, alkyl, or alkenyl aldehydes) to C-1 deuterated aldehydes under mild reaction conditions without functionality manipulation.

The present invention relates to novel compounds of the general formula (I) their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers and polymorphs. The invention also relates to processes for the preparation of the compounds of invention, pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds and their use as the compounds of the invention belong to the family of NOD-like receptor family (NLR) protein NLRP3 modulators. The present invention thus relates to novel NLRP3 modulators as well as to the use of the novel inhibitor compounds in the treatment of diseases or conditions in which interleukin 1 activity is implicated. ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to novel compounds of the general formula (I) their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers and polymorphs. The invention also relates to processes for the preparation of the compounds of invention, pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds and their use as the compounds of the invention belong to the family of NOD-like receptor family (NLR) protein NLRP3 modulators. The present invention thus relates to novel NLRP3 modulators as well as to the use of the novel inhibitor compounds in the treatment of diseases or conditions in which interleukin 1 activity is implicated. ##STR00001##