Provided in the present invention are a compound as shown in formula I, various crystal forms thereof, a hydrate, a solvate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutical composition. The compound of the present invention can effectively treat Alzheimer's disease or Down's syndrome, especially cognitive function impairment caused by Alzheimer's disease or Down's syndrome. Also disclosed in the present invention is use of a ubiquitin specific protease USP25 encoded and expressed by chromosome 21 for preventing, treating or ameliorating Alzheimer's disease or Down's syndrome.

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Provided in the present invention are a compound as shown in formula I, various crystal forms thereof, a hydrate, a solvate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutical composition. The compound of the present invention can effectively treat Alzheimer's disease or Down's syndrome, especially cognitive function impairment caused by Alzheimer's disease or Down's syndrome. Also disclosed in the present invention is use of a ubiquitin specific protease USP25 encoded and expressed by chromosome 21 for preventing, treating or ameliorating Alzheimer's disease or Down's syndrome.

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Compounds that inhibit p38a MAPK protein, and methods of using the same, are provided for treating or preventing diseases such as cancer or inflammatory diseases.

Disclosed are novel compounds of Chemical Formula 1, optical isomers of the compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the optical isomers. The compounds, isomers, and salts exhibit excellent activity as GLP-1 receptor agonists. In particular, they, as GLP-1 receptor agonists, exhibit excellent glucose tolerance, thus having a great potential to be used as therapeutic agents for metabolic diseases. Moreover, they exhibit excellent pharmacological safety for cardiovascular systems.

The present invention provides a palladium(II) complex of formula (1). ##STR00001## R.sub.12, m, and X are described in the specification. The invention also provides a process for the preparation of the complex, and its use in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions.

The present invention provides a palladium(II) complex of formula (1). ##STR00001## R.sub.12, m, and X are described in the specification. The invention also provides a process for the preparation of the complex, and its use in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions.

1-[2-(2,4-dimethylphenylsulphanyl)phenyl)]piperazine exhibits potent activity on SERT, 5-HT.sub.3 and 5-HT.sub.1A and may as such be useful for the treatment of cognitive impairment, especially in depressed patients.

1-[2-(2,4-dimethylphenylsulphanyl)phenyl)]piperazine exhibits potent activity on SERT, 5-HT.sub.3 and 5-HT.sub.1A and may as such be useful for the treatment of cognitive impairment, especially in depressed patients.

A compound having a structure represented by the general formula (I): ##STR00001##
(wherein n is 0 or 1;
R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom (only if n=0), a halogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkyl group, an optionally substituted amino group, an optionally substituted phenyl group, a C1-C6 alkylthio group, a C1-C6 alkoxy group, a C1-C6 haloalkoxy group or a C7-C12 aralkyloxy group;
R.sup.2 represents —(CH.sub.2).sub.p—[O(CH.sub.2).sub.q].sub.r—X (wherein X is a halogen atom, p is an integer of 1 to 6, q is an integer of 1 to 4, and r is an integer of 0 to 4);
R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C7-C16 aralkyl group or a C6-C14 aryl group; and
R.sup.4 represents a hydrogen atom or a C1-C6 alkyl group), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof excels FAMT in terms of the tendency to accumulate intensively in cancer, the affinity for LAT1 and the selectivity for cancer, and can be labeled using an automated synthesizer in clinical settings, and therefore is useful as a highly versatile PET imaging agent.

A compound having a structure represented by the general formula (I): ##STR00001##
(wherein n is 0 or 1;
R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom (only if n=0), a halogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkyl group, an optionally substituted amino group, an optionally substituted phenyl group, a C1-C6 alkylthio group, a C1-C6 alkoxy group, a C1-C6 haloalkoxy group or a C7-C12 aralkyloxy group;
R.sup.2 represents —(CH.sub.2).sub.p—[O(CH.sub.2).sub.q].sub.r—X (wherein X is a halogen atom, p is an integer of 1 to 6, q is an integer of 1 to 4, and r is an integer of 0 to 4);
R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C7-C16 aralkyl group or a C6-C14 aryl group; and
R.sup.4 represents a hydrogen atom or a C1-C6 alkyl group), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof excels FAMT in terms of the tendency to accumulate intensively in cancer, the affinity for LAT1 and the selectivity for cancer, and can be labeled using an automated synthesizer in clinical settings, and therefore is useful as a highly versatile PET imaging agent.