A composition for protective film formation can form a flat film that satisfactorily functions as a mask (protection) against wet etchants during semiconductor substrate processing and has a low dry etching rate, the composition having satisfactory covering and recess-filling properties when applied to rugged substrates and having a small thickness difference after the recess filling. A protective film, a resist underlayer film, and a resist-pattern-coated substrate each produced using the composition; and a method for producing a semiconductor device. The composition, which is for forming films for protection against wet etchants for semiconductors, includes an organic solvent and a compound that has a molecular end having a structure including at least one pair of adjoining hydroxyl groups and has a molecular weight of 1,500 or less, wherein particles present therein have an average particle diameter, as determined by a dynamic light scattering method, of 3 nm or smaller.

Provided is a resin composition for a solid polymer fuel cell sealing material, the resin composition including a copolymer resin having a weight average molecular weight of 150,000 or more and formed by copolymerizing raw material components including: (a1) 5% by mass or more of styrene; and (b) 20% by mass or less of glycidyl (meth)acrylate. Preferably, the raw material components are configured to further include (c) one or more kinds of other polymerizable monomers selected from a hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate and an alkyl (meth)acrylate.

To reduce formation of side products and to enhance a selectivity rate in a method for producing 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate and in a method for producing glycidyl (meth)acrylate.

The present invention is characterized by a method for producing 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate through a reaction of (meth)acrylic acid and epichlorohydrin; more specifically, the reaction is carried out by using 0.5 to 2 mol of epichlorohydrin relative to 1 mol of (meth)acrylic acid, and by adding epichlorohydrin to (meth)acrylic acid in the presence of a catalyst. Also, the present invention is characterized by a method for producing glycidyl (meth)acrylate through a reaction of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate and a basic carbonate compound in a polar solvent.

The present invention provides processes for preparing a prostacyclin analogue of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.10 is a linear or branched C.sub.1-6 alkyl. The processes of the present invention comprise steps that generate improved yields and fewer byproducts than traditional methods. The processes of the present invention employ reagents (e.g., the oxidizing reagent) that are less toxic that those used in the traditional methods (e.g., oxalyl chloride). Many of the processes of the present invention generate intermediates with improved e.e. and chemical purity; thereby eliminating the need of additional chromatography steps. And, the processes of the present invention are scalable to generate commercial quantities of the final compound.

The present invention provides processes for preparing a prostacyclin analogue of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.10 is a linear or branched C.sub.1-6 alkyl. The processes of the present invention comprise steps that generate improved yields and fewer byproducts than traditional methods. The processes of the present invention employ reagents (e.g., the oxidizing reagent) that are less toxic that those used in the traditional methods (e.g., oxalyl chloride). Many of the processes of the present invention generate intermediates with improved e.e. and chemical purity; thereby eliminating the need of additional chromatography steps. And, the processes of the present invention are scalable to generate commercial quantities of the final compound.

This specification describes an ion exchange membrane and a method of making it. The membrane may be used, for example, in an electrodialysis module or electrochemical cell. The membrane comprises an ion exchange polymer and inorganic particles preferably linked to the ion exchange polymer. To make a membrane, inorganic particles are mixed into an ion exchange membrane pre-cursor. A polymerization initiator or catalyst is then added and the resulting mixture is placed in a form and cured. The inorganic particles may comprise, for example, an oxidized form of graphite such as graphite oxide. The ion exchange polymer may comprise an ionic monomer, containing a quaternary ammonium group for anion exchange or a sulfonate group for cation exchange, along with a crosslinking co-monomer containing polymerizable diacrylic functionalities. The membrane is self-supporting and can be made without a supporting fabric.

Provided is a process for production of fucoxanthin and/or polysaccharides from microalgae and the use of purified fucoxanthin thereof in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, nutraceutical and food compositions.

The field of new compounds and synthesis methods thereof are related, and particularly to a structure of a steric hindrance adjustable weak base light stabilizer and a preparation method and application thereof. According to the innovative light stabilizer, a steric hindrance thereof is adjusted by establishing substituent generating the steric hindrance around nitrogen atoms; moreover, an electronegativity of the nitrogen atom can be influenced by adjusting a distance of a polar group, so that an alkalinity or a nucleophilicity of the nitrogen atom is adjusted. A desired effect is obtained by adjusting a steric hindrance and a nucleophilic property or an alkalinity where the nitrogen atom is located, so that an application range of the innovative light stabilizer is widened, and the innovative light stabilizer is suitable for PC, polyester, PVC and other slightly acidic or certain electrophilic polymer materials to serve as a light stability protecting aid.

The field of new compounds and synthesis methods thereof are related, and particularly to a structure of a steric hindrance adjustable weak base light stabilizer and a preparation method and application thereof. According to the innovative light stabilizer, a steric hindrance thereof is adjusted by establishing substituent generating the steric hindrance around nitrogen atoms; moreover, an electronegativity of the nitrogen atom can be influenced by adjusting a distance of a polar group, so that an alkalinity or a nucleophilicity of the nitrogen atom is adjusted. A desired effect is obtained by adjusting a steric hindrance and a nucleophilic property or an alkalinity where the nitrogen atom is located, so that an application range of the innovative light stabilizer is widened, and the innovative light stabilizer is suitable for PC, polyester, PVC and other slightly acidic or certain electrophilic polymer materials to serve as a light stability protecting aid.

Disclosed herein is a frambinone methacrylate (FMA) or raspberry ketone methacrylate (RKMA) monomer having the following structure:

##STR00001##

and a zingerone methacrylate (ZMA) having the following structure

##STR00002##

Also disclosed are homopolymers and co-polymers utilizing same monomer. Also disclosed is a class of methacrylate monomers comprising a bio-based moiety and a reactive ketone moiety. Also disclosed are paint compositions made with a copolymer including FMA and/or ZMA.