This disclosure describes biosynthesized compounds including anhydromevalonolactone and -methyl--valerolactone. This disclosure further describes biosynthetic methods for making these compounds. In some embodiments, the biosynthetic methods can include a combination of biosynthesis and chemical steps to produce -methyl--valerolactone. Finally, this disclosure described recombinant cells useful for the biosynthesis of these compounds.

This disclosure describes biosynthesized compounds including anhydromevalonolactone and -methyl--valerolactone. This disclosure further describes biosynthetic methods for making these compounds. In some embodiments, the biosynthetic methods can include a combination of biosynthesis and chemical steps to produce -methyl--valerolactone. Finally, this disclosure described recombinant cells useful for the biosynthesis of these compounds.

The present invention relates to a process for synthesizing lactide comprising the steps of: providing one or more components to at least one reactor, the one or more components comprising lactic acid; converting at least part of the lactic acid into lactide and water and into lactic acid oligomers; recovering at least part of the lactide; recovering at least part of the water and at least part of the lactic acid oligomers; adding a feed, optionally comprising lactic acid oligomers, and optionally comprising water, to the recovered water and the recovered lactic acid oligomers, and mixing the feed with the recovered water and the recovered lactic acid oligomers to form a mixture; converting at least part of the lactic acid oligomers in the mixture into lactic acid and into lactic acid dimer; and removing at least part of the water from the mixture;
whereby at least part of the remainder of the mixture is provided as one of the one or more components that are provided to the at least one reactor; and, wherein the step of converting at least part of the lactic acid into lactide and water is performed in one step.

Described are novel derivatives of pogostone and methods of using the same.

Described are novel derivatives of pogostone and methods of using the same.

An object of the present invention is to provide a compound or a salt thereof having anti-HBV activity, a pharmaceutical composition, an anti-hepatitis B virus agent, a production inhibitor of DNA of a hepatitis B virus, and a production or secretion inhibitor of a hepatitis B surface antigen. According to the present invention, provided are a compound represented by General Formula [1] or a salt thereof:

##STR00001## (in the formula, R.sup.1 represents a benzothiazolyl group which may be substituted (in which a carbon atom constituting the 6-membered ring of the benzothiazolyl group of R.sup.1 is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the pyridone ring); R.sup.2 represents a C.sub.2-6 alkenyl group which may be substituted, or the like; and R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom or the like).

An object of the present invention is to provide a compound or a salt thereof having anti-HBV activity, a pharmaceutical composition, an anti-hepatitis B virus agent, a production inhibitor of DNA of a hepatitis B virus, and a production or secretion inhibitor of a hepatitis B surface antigen. According to the present invention, provided are a compound represented by General Formula [1] or a salt thereof:

##STR00001## (in the formula, R.sup.1 represents a benzothiazolyl group which may be substituted (in which a carbon atom constituting the 6-membered ring of the benzothiazolyl group of R.sup.1 is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the pyridone ring); R.sup.2 represents a C.sub.2-6 alkenyl group which may be substituted, or the like; and R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom or the like).

The invention relates to compounds of Formula (I), wherein the variables are as defined in the claims, which are useful in the treatment and/or prevention of bacterial infections in a subject. The invention further relates to the use of a compound of Formula (I) in the manufacture of a medicament, and medical devices when used in a method of treating or preventing a bacterial infection in a subject, and related aspects. ##STR00001##

The sulfonium salt does not contain a toxic metal and exhibits higher cationic polymerization performance and crosslinking performance than a tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate salt. The heat- or photo-acid generator contains the sulfonium salt. The sulfonium salt is formed of a sulfonium cation selected from a group represented by general formulas (1), (9), (10) and (11) described below and a gallate anion represented by formula (a). The heat- or photo-acid generator contains the sulfonium salt. The heat- or energy ray-curable composition contains the acid generator and a cationically polymerizable compound. A cured product can be obtained by curing the same.

##STR00001##

The sulfonium salt does not contain a toxic metal and exhibits higher cationic polymerization performance and crosslinking performance than a tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate salt. The heat- or photo-acid generator contains the sulfonium salt. The sulfonium salt is formed of a sulfonium cation selected from a group represented by general formulas (1), (9), (10) and (11) described below and a gallate anion represented by formula (a). The heat- or photo-acid generator contains the sulfonium salt. The heat- or energy ray-curable composition contains the acid generator and a cationically polymerizable compound. A cured product can be obtained by curing the same.

##STR00001##