A method to prepare coumalic acid comprising (a) heating a solution in dichloroethane of malic acid and sulfuric acid or a solution in dichloroethane of malic acid and a perfluorosulfonic acid or (b) adding an acid comprising sulfuric acid or a perfluorosulfonic acid to a solution of malic acid in dichloroethane to yield a solution that is heated for a period of time so as to convert the malic acid into a major amount of coumalic acid and, optionally, a minor amount of fumaric acid.

The present invention is directed to HIF inhibitors and methods of preventing cell proliferation, reducing inflammation, and treating an angiogenic disease or disorders.

The present invention is directed to HIF inhibitors and methods of preventing cell proliferation, reducing inflammation, and treating an angiogenic disease or disorders.

The invention provides compounds of formula Ia, Ib and Ic: ##STR00001##
and salts thereof, wherein variables are as described in the specification, as well as compositions comprising a compound of formula Ia-Ic, methods of making such compounds, and methods of using such compounds, e.g., as inhibitors of bacterial RNA polymerase and as antibacterial agents.

The invention provides compounds of formula Ia, Ib and Ic: ##STR00001##
and salts thereof, wherein variables are as described in the specification, as well as compositions comprising a compound of formula Ia-Ic, methods of making such compounds, and methods of using such compounds, e.g., as inhibitors of bacterial RNA polymerase and as antibacterial agents.

The present invention relates to elastomer compositions comprising adducts between compounds of formula (I) preferably derived from natural sources such as mucic, pyromucic, glucaric, glycaric, galactaric, muconic acid and/or linear derivatives thereof containing ester or amide groups and/or cyclic derivatives thereof with heteroatoms in the ring, such as oxygen or nitrogen, and carbon allotropes in which the carbon is sp.sup.2 hybridized, such as for example carbon nanotubes, graphene or nanographites, carbon black.

The present invention relates to elastomer compositions comprising adducts between compounds of formula (I) preferably derived from natural sources such as mucic, pyromucic, glucaric, glycaric, galactaric, muconic acid and/or linear derivatives thereof containing ester or amide groups and/or cyclic derivatives thereof with heteroatoms in the ring, such as oxygen or nitrogen, and carbon allotropes in which the carbon is sp.sup.2 hybridized, such as for example carbon nanotubes, graphene or nanographites, carbon black.

The present invention relates to the use of compounds of the formula (I) for the care, preservation or improvement of the general condition or appearance of the skin or hair, and to preparations comprising compounds of the formula (I).

Esters of O-substituted hydroxy carboxylic acids are provided having Formula 1, or 2, or both Formulas 1 and 2: ##STR00001##
wherein R and R.sup.1 are independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted, branched- and straight-chain, saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated C.sub.1-C.sub.22 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.20 carbocyclic aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C.sub.4-C.sub.20 heterocyclic; wherein the heteroatoms are selected from sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen; and wherein n is 1-6. Process of producing esters of O-substituted hydroxy carboxylic acids are also provided.

Esters of O-substituted hydroxy carboxylic acids are provided having Formula 1, or 2, or both Formulas 1 and 2: ##STR00001##
wherein R and R.sup.1 are independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted, branched- and straight-chain, saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated C.sub.1-C.sub.22 alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.20 carbocyclic aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C.sub.4-C.sub.20 heterocyclic; wherein the heteroatoms are selected from sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen; and wherein n is 1-6. Process of producing esters of O-substituted hydroxy carboxylic acids are also provided.