A resist underlayer composition including a polymer including a main chain, a side chain, or a main chain and a side chain including a heterocycle including two or more nitrogen atoms in the ring of the heterocycle, a compound including a moiety represented by Chemical Formula 1, and a solvent is provided. A method of forming patterns using the resist underlayer composition is also provided

##STR00001##

A resist underlayer composition including a polymer including a main chain, a side chain, or a main chain and a side chain including a heterocycle including two or more nitrogen atoms in the ring of the heterocycle, a compound including a moiety represented by Chemical Formula 1, and a solvent is provided. A method of forming patterns using the resist underlayer composition is also provided

##STR00001##

A resist composition comprising a sulfonium salt of a carboxylic acid having a nitro-substituted benzene ring is provided. The carboxylic acid is free of iodine and bromine, and when the benzene ring is fluorinated, the number of fluorine atoms is up to 3. The resist composition offers a high sensitivity, reduced LWR and improved CDU independent of whether it is of positive or negative tone.

A resist composition comprising a sulfonium salt of a carboxylic acid having a nitro-substituted benzene ring is provided. The carboxylic acid is free of iodine and bromine, and when the benzene ring is fluorinated, the number of fluorine atoms is up to 3. The resist composition offers a high sensitivity, reduced LWR and improved CDU independent of whether it is of positive or negative tone.

Methods are provided for modulating MRGPRX2 generally, or for treating a MRGPRX2 dependent condition more specifically, by contacting the MRGPRX2 or administering to a subject in need thereof, respectively, an effective amount of a compound having structure (I):

##STR00001##

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein A, B, C, D, E, G, W, Y, Z, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are as defined herein. Pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, as well as the compounds themselves, are also provided.

Methods are provided for modulating MRGPRX2 generally, or for treating a MRGPRX2 dependent condition more specifically, by contacting the MRGPRX2 or administering to a subject in need thereof, respectively, an effective amount of a compound having structure (I):

##STR00001##

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein A, B, C, D, E, G, W, Y, Z, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are as defined herein. Pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, as well as the compounds themselves, are also provided.

The disclosure relates to novel compounds and methods of use of the compounds to maintain the Gα.sub.i2 protein in its inactive GDP-bound state. The disclosure describes the knockdown or inhibition of Gα.sub.i2 negatively regulated migration of breast and ovarian cancer cell lines. The novel compounds inhibit the migratory behavior of PC3, DU145 and E006AA prostate cancer cell lines. Specifically, the novel compounds block the activation of Gα.sub.i2 in oxytocin-stimulated prostate cancer PC3 cells and inhibits the migratory capability of DU145 cells overexpressing constitutively active form of Gα.sub.i2, under basal and EGF-stimulated conditions.

The disclosure relates to novel compounds and methods of use of the compounds to maintain the Gα.sub.i2 protein in its inactive GDP-bound state. The disclosure describes the knockdown or inhibition of Gα.sub.i2 negatively regulated migration of breast and ovarian cancer cell lines. The novel compounds inhibit the migratory behavior of PC3, DU145 and E006AA prostate cancer cell lines. Specifically, the novel compounds block the activation of Gα.sub.i2 in oxytocin-stimulated prostate cancer PC3 cells and inhibits the migratory capability of DU145 cells overexpressing constitutively active form of Gα.sub.i2, under basal and EGF-stimulated conditions.

An organic electroluminescence device includes a first electrode, a hole transport region disposed on the first electrode, an emission layer disposed on the hole transport region, an electron transport region disposed on the emission layer, and a second electrode disposed on the electron transport region, wherein the hole transport region includes a polycyclic compound represented by Formula 5 or Formula 6, thereby showing high emission efficiency.

An organic electroluminescence device includes a first electrode, a hole transport region disposed on the first electrode, an emission layer disposed on the hole transport region, an electron transport region disposed on the emission layer, and a second electrode disposed on the electron transport region, wherein the hole transport region includes a polycyclic compound represented by Formula 5 or Formula 6, thereby showing high emission efficiency.