Compounds of general formula (Ia), compounds of general formula (Ia), compounds of general formula (Ib), compounds of general formula (Ib), compounds of general formula (I), compounds of general formula (I), and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.8, R.sup.9, X.sup.1, X.sup.2, and X.sup.3 are defined herein, that may be useful as inductors of type I interferon production, specifically as STING active agents, are provided. Also provided are processes for the synthesis and use of compounds of the disclosure.

Compounds of general formula (Ia), compounds of general formula (Ia), compounds of general formula (Ib), compounds of general formula (Ib), compounds of general formula (I), compounds of general formula (I), and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.8, R.sup.9, X.sup.1, X.sup.2, and X.sup.3 are defined herein, that may be useful as inductors of type I interferon production, specifically as STING active agents, are provided. Also provided are processes for the synthesis and use of compounds of the disclosure.

Described herein are compounds of Formula I, methods of making such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments containing such compounds, and methods of using such compounds to treat or prevent diseases or conditions associated with the enzyme glucosylceramide synthase (GCS).

Described herein are compounds of Formula I, methods of making such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments containing such compounds, and methods of using such compounds to treat or prevent diseases or conditions associated with the enzyme glucosylceramide synthase (GCS).

An oxidative homocoupling method of synthesizing certain 2,2-bithiophenes from thiophenes using oxygen as the terminal oxidant is disclosed. In non-limiting examples, the method uses oxygen along with a catalytic system that includes palladium, an assistive ligand, and a non-palladium metal additive to catalyze one of the following reactions:

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Associated catalytic systems and compositions are also disclosed.

The invention relates to N-hydroxysulfonamide derivatives that donate nitroxyl (HNO) under physiological conditions and are useful in treating and/or preventing the onset and/or development of diseases or conditions that are responsive to nitroxyl therapy, including heart failure and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Novel N-hydroxysulfonamide derivatives release HNO at a controlled rate under physiological conditions, and the rate of HNO release is modulated by varying the nature and location of functional groups on the N-hydroxysulfonamide derivatives.

The invention relates to N-hydroxysulfonamide derivatives that donate nitroxyl (HNO) under physiological conditions and are useful in treating and/or preventing the onset and/or development of diseases or conditions that are responsive to nitroxyl therapy, including heart failure and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Novel N-hydroxysulfonamide derivatives release HNO at a controlled rate under physiological conditions, and the rate of HNO release is modulated by varying the nature and location of functional groups on the N-hydroxysulfonamide derivatives.

The present application discloses small molecule compounds having a naphthylamine structure and an application thereof. In the present application, the structure of a compound having a structure as shown in general formula (I) is as shown in the drawing. The compound and the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, solvate or prodrug thereof that are provided by the present application or the pharmaceutical composition provided by the present application can selectively induce autophagy in damaged mitochondria without affecting or only weakly affecting normal mitochondria, and further have superior metabolic stability and pharmacokinetic properties, lower toxicity, and better druggability.

##STR00001##

The present application discloses small molecule compounds having a naphthylamine structure and an application thereof. In the present application, the structure of a compound having a structure as shown in general formula (I) is as shown in the drawing. The compound and the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, solvate or prodrug thereof that are provided by the present application or the pharmaceutical composition provided by the present application can selectively induce autophagy in damaged mitochondria without affecting or only weakly affecting normal mitochondria, and further have superior metabolic stability and pharmacokinetic properties, lower toxicity, and better druggability.

##STR00001##

The invention relates to N-hydroxysulfonamide derivatives that donate nitroxyl (HNO) under physiological conditions and are useful in treating and/or preventing the onset and/or development of diseases or conditions that are responsive to nitroxyl therapy, including heart failure and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Novel N-hydroxysulfonamide derivatives release HNO at a controlled rate under physiological conditions, and the rate of HNO release is modulated by varying the nature and location of functional groups on the N-hydroxysulfonamide derivatives.