The present invention relates to prevention of congenital deformations. The invention further relates to cancer inhibition and prevention. The invention further relates to methods and compositions to modulate, antagonize, or agonize disparate signaling pathways that may converge to regulate patterning events and gene expression during prenatal development, postnatal development, and during development in the adult, organism. The invention also relates to activators or deactivators of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) for the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of diseases related to PKM2 function.

A multidentate phosphite ligand is used in the catalytic synthesis of adiponitrile. The ligand is represented by the following general formula (I). The method of catalytic synthesis of adiponitrile comprises primary hydrocyanation, isomerization, and secondary hydrocyanation reactions, wherein the catalyst adopted each comprises a phosphite ligand-nickel complex composed of a nickel precursor and a multidentate phosphite ligand. The ligand molecule has a higher electron cloud density, and the phosphorus content capable of participating in coordination in the ligand molecule per unit mass is higher, so that the catalytic activity of the catalyst is improved, and the amount of the catalyst is reduced. ##STR00001##

An electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery including an organic solvent, a lithium salt, and a phosphate-based additive including a compound represented by Formula 1. A lithium secondary battery according to embodiments of the present disclosure may include a cathode, an anode opposite to the cathode, and an electrolyte including the phosphate-based additive represented by Formula 1.

Provided herein are processes for preparing an oligomer (e.g., a morpholino oligomer). The synthetic processes described herein may be advantageous to scaling up oligomersynthesis while maintaining overall yield and purity of a synthesized oligomer.

Disclosed are compounds, electrolytes including the same, and rechargeable lithium batteries including the same. The electrolyte comprises a non-aqueous organic solvent, a lithium salt, and an additive represented by Chemical Formula 1. A detailed description of Chemical Formula 1 is given in this disclosure.

The present invention relates to prevention of congenital deformations. The invention further relates to cancer inhibition and prevention. The invention further relates to methods and compositions to modulate, antagonize, or agonize disparate signaling pathways that may converge to regulate patterning events and gene expression during prenatal development, postnatal development, and during development in the adult organism. The invention also relates to activators or deactivators of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) for the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of diseases related to PKM2 function.