Provided are compounds that may function as functionalized polymerization initiators, for instance in the manufacture of ophthalmic lenses, and to methods of such manufacture. The compounds are of formula I:

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, p, q, r, s, v, w, and X.sup.1 are as defined herein.

Provided are compounds that may function as functionalized polymerization initiators, for instance in the manufacture of ophthalmic lenses, and to methods of such manufacture. The compounds are of formula I:

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, p, q, r, s, v, w, and X.sup.1 are as defined herein.

Provided is an onium salt functioning as a photoacid generator. The photoacid generator can provide a chemically amplifiable photoresist composition when it is combined with a resin component whose solubility in alkali is increased by the action of an acid generated by active energy ray irradiation such as Light or electron beam irradiation. The present invention relates to an onium salt represented by the formula (1), containing an anion structure with a proportion of a facial isomer in a total of the facial isomer and a meridional isomer being 15.0% by weight or lower.

[(R.sup.2).sub.n+1-E].sup.+[(R.sup.1).sub.3(F).sub.3P].sup.−  (1)

Provided is an onium salt functioning as a photoacid generator. The photoacid generator can provide a chemically amplifiable photoresist composition when it is combined with a resin component whose solubility in alkali is increased by the action of an acid generated by active energy ray irradiation such as Light or electron beam irradiation. The present invention relates to an onium salt represented by the formula (1), containing an anion structure with a proportion of a facial isomer in a total of the facial isomer and a meridional isomer being 15.0% by weight or lower.

[(R.sup.2).sub.n+1-E].sup.+[(R.sup.1).sub.3(F).sub.3P].sup.−  (1)

Provided are a method for preparing L-glufosinate and the intermediate compounds of formula (V) and formula (III).

Provided are a method for preparing L-glufosinate and the intermediate compounds of formula (V) and formula (III).

A phosphinimide catalyst system comprises: i) a phosphinimide pre-polymerization catalyst having two phosphinimide ligands, at least one of which is substituted by a phosphinimide moiety; and ii) a catalyst activator. The catalyst system polymerizes ethylene with an alpha-olefin to give high molecular weight ethylene copolymer.

The present disclosure relates to compounds that are capable of inhibiting the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier and promoting hair growth. The disclosure further relates to methods of promoting hair growth or treating conditions or disorders affecting hair growth, such as baldness or alopecia.

The present disclosure relates to compounds that are capable of inhibiting the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier and promoting hair growth. The disclosure further relates to methods of promoting hair growth or treating conditions or disorders affecting hair growth, such as baldness or alopecia.

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical agents of formula (I) useful for therapy and/or prophylaxis in a mammal, and in particular to inhibitors of NF-.sub.κB-inducing kinase (NIK—also known as MAP3K14) useful for treating diseases such as cancer, inflammatory disorders, metabolic disorders and autoimmune disorders. The invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, and to the use of such compounds or pharmaceutical compositions for the prevention or treatment of diseases such as cancer, inflammatory disorders, metabolic disorders including obesity and diabetes, and autoimmune disorders. ##STR00001##