Provided are prodrugs of various therapeutic agents that provide enhanced bioavailability of the therapeutic agent, and methods of treatment conditions in a subject by administration of the one or prodrugs. As provided herein a prodrug includes a therapeutic agent covalently attached to a cap, the cap having a structure according to formula (I) where: R.sup.1 is a branched or linear substituted or unsubstituted C2-C6 alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynl; X is —S(0).sub.2-; R.sup.2 is a branched or linear substituted or unsubstituted C4-C20 alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; and R.sup.3 is —H, C3-C5 cycloalkyl, C3-C5 cycloheteroalkyl, —C(CH.sub.3).sub.3, —CF.sub.3, —C(CF.sub.3).sub.3, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.

##STR00001##

The present invention provides an organophosphorus compound, a preparation process and use thereof. The organophosphorus compound of the present invention has a structure as represented by the general formula (I):

##STR00001##

The groups are defined in the description. The organophosphorus compound of the present invention has prominent bearing capacity and excellent antiwear and antifriction performances, and can be used as an extreme pressure antiwear additive and used in lubricating oil and lubricating grease.

A bicyclophosphate-modified ionic liquid compound, the synthesis thereof, an electrochemical electrolyte containing a bicyclophosphate-modified ionic liquid compound, and energy storage device containing the electrolyte are disclosed.

This invention provides for prodrug Compounds I, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and their use in treating HIV infection. ##STR00001##
wherein: X is C or N with the proviso that when X is N, R.sup.1 does not exist; W is C or N with the proviso that when W is N, R.sup.2 does not exist; V is C; E is hydrogen or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and Y is selected from the group consisting of ##STR00002## Also, this invention provides for intermediate Compounds II useful in making prodrug Compounds I. ##STR00003##
wherein: L and M are independently selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, trialkylsilyl, -2,2,2-trichloroethoxy and 2-trimethylsilylethoxy.

Described herein are Δ.sup.9-THC prodrugs, methods of making Δ.sup.9-THC prodrugs, formulations comprising Δ.sup.9-THC prodrugs and methods of using Δ.sup.9-THC. One embodiment described herein relates to the transdermal administration of a Δ.sup.9-THC prodrug for treating and preventing diseases and/or disorders.

Phosphorus-containing flame retardant mixtures, a process for production of said mixtures and use of said mixtures, and also epoxy resin formulations which comprise said flame retardant mixtures. The present invention relates to phosphorus-containing flame retardant mixtures, comprising individual flame retardants having in each case one or more functional groups of the formulae (I), (II) and (III), where, based on the total quantity of functional groups in the flame retardant mixture, 1 to 98 mol % of functional groups of the formula (I), 1 to 35 mol % of functional groups of the formula (II) and 1 to 98 mol % of functional groups of the formula (III) are present, and where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different and are mutually independently hydrogen, C.sub.1- to C.sub.12-alkyl, linear or branched, and/or C.sub.6- to C.sub.18-aryl and the entirety of (I), (II) and (III) is always 100 mol %.

##STR00001##

Disclosed herein are antibody-nanoparticle conjugates that include two or more nanoparticles (such as gold, palladium, platinum, silver, copper, nickel, cobalt, iridium, or an alloy of two or more thereof) directly linked to an antibody or fragment thereof through a metal-thiol bond. Methods of making the antibody-nanoparticle conjugates disclosed herein include reacting an arylphosphine-nanoparticle composite with a reduced antibody to produce an antibody-nanoparticle conjugate. Also disclosed herein are methods for detecting a target molecule in a sample that include using an antibody-nanoparticle conjugate (such as the antibody-nanoparticle conjugates described herein) and kits for detecting target molecules utilizing the methods disclosed herein.

Described herein is a process for antibiotic development comprising: (a) generating a compound of formula (III): ##STR00001##
or a salt or stereoisomer or prodrug thereof; wherein R.sup.1-R.sup.3 and R.sup.5-R.sup.10 are independently selected from H, alkyl group, substituted alkyl group, halogen, OH, NH.sub.2, or SH; R.sup.4 is H, alkyl group or substituted alkyl group; X.sup.1-X.sup.2 are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NH, H, alkyl, halogen, OH, SH, or NH.sub.2; W is a saturated acyclic hydrocarbon chain of 1 to 15 carbon atoms; and Z is a neutral or positively charged organic group comprising a nitrogen or phosphorus atom; and; and (b) determining efficacy of the compound to inhibit growth of a bacteria. Systems of drug development of these antibiotic compounds are also described.

Described herein is a process for antibiotic development comprising: (a) generating a compound of formula (III): ##STR00001##
or a salt or stereoisomer or prodrug thereof; wherein R.sup.1-R.sup.3 and R.sup.5-R.sup.10 are independently selected from H, alkyl group, substituted alkyl group, halogen, OH, NH.sub.2, or SH; R.sup.4 is H, alkyl group or substituted alkyl group; X.sup.1-X.sup.2 are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NH, H, alkyl, halogen, OH, SH, or NH.sub.2; W is a saturated acyclic hydrocarbon chain of 1 to 15 carbon atoms; and Z is a neutral or positively charged organic group comprising a nitrogen or phosphorus atom; and; and (b) determining efficacy of the compound to inhibit growth of a bacteria. Systems of drug development of these antibiotic compounds are also described.

The present invention is directed to a semiconducting material comprising: i) a compound according to formula (I) wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are independently selected from C.sub.1-C.sub.30-alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.30 cycloalkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.30-heteroalkyl, C.sub.6-C.sub.30-aryl, C.sub.2-C.sub.30-heteroaryl, C.sub.1-C.sub.30-alkoxy, C.sub.3-C.sub.30-cycloalkyloxy, C.sub.6-C.sub.30 aryloxy, and from structural unit having general formula E-A-, wherein—A is a C.sub.6-C.sub.30 phenylene spacer unit, and—E is an electron transporting unit that is selected from C.sub.10-C.sub.60 aryl and C.sub.6-C.sub.60 heteroaryl comprising up to 6 heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, P, Si and B and that comprises a conjugated system of at least 10 delocalized electrons, and—at least one group selected from R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 has the general formula E-A-; and ii) at least one complex of a monovalent metal having formula (II) wherein—M.sup.+ is a positive metal ion bearing a single elementary charge, and each of A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3 and A.sup.4 is independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.20 aryl and substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.20 heteroaryl, wherein a heteroaryl ring of at least 5 ring-forming atoms of the substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.20 heteroaryl comprises at least one hetero atom selected from O, S and N. ##STR00001##