Methods, systems, and compositions for detecting molecule aggregation, folding, or interactions featuring comparing the amount of labeling of a molecule of interest, such as a protein, in a test sample with an amount of labeling in a control, e.g., a sample wherein the molecule of interest is denatured. If less labeling is present in the test sample as compared to the control sample, the test sample may comprise the molecule of interest in aggregate form, folded form, or interactive form, e.g., interacting with another molecule such as a protein molecule, DNA molecule or RNA molecule. The present invention may be used for detecting or monitoring a disease or condition such as a protein misfolding disease (proteopathy), e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), etc.

This application describes a compound represented by Formula (I):

Y?Z?X.sup.1S(O)(X.sup.2)F).sub.m].sub.n(I)

wherein: Y is a biologically active organic core group comprising one or more of an aryl group, a heteroaryl aryl group, a nonaromatic hydrocarbyl group, and a nonaromatic heterocyclic group, to which Z is covalently bonded; n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; m is 1 or 2; Z is O, NR, or N; X.sup.1 is a covalent bond or CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, X.sup.2 is O or NR; and R comprises H or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from an aryl group, a heteroaryl aryl group, a nonaromatic hydrocarbyl group, and a nonaromatic heterocyclic group. Methods of preparing the compounds, methods of using the compounds, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds are described as well.

Provided herein are methods for refolding proteins that are denatured. Exemplary methods comprise solubilizing the denatured protein with a denaturing agent, e.g., a chaotropic agent, and renaturing the protein using a buffer exchanging system, e.g., tangential flow filtration (TFF).

Provided is a method for producing a protein solution, including applying a pressure to a dispersion liquid containing a protein and a polar solvent in which the protein is dispersed, to obtain a protein solution containing the protein and the polar solvent in which the protein is dissolved.

Disclosed is a method for refolding a protein or peptide that does not contain essential disulfides and that contains at least one free cysteine residue. Also disclosed are polymer IFN- conjugates that have been created by the chemical coupling of polymers such as polyethylene glycol moieties to IFN-, particularly via a free cysteine in the protein. Also disclosed are analogs of bioactive peptides that may be used to create longer acting versions of the peptides, including analogs of glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), GLP-2, Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), PYY, exendin, ghrelin, gastrin, amylin, and oxyntomodulin.

The present invention relates to a preparation method which is performed by expressing the recombinant carrier proteins in Escherichia coli and purification thereof. More particular, the invention relates to industrially scalable process for the recovery of recombinant carrier proteins.

This application describes a compound represented by Formula (I): (I) wherein: Y is a biologically active organic core group comprising one or more of an aryl group, a heteroaryl aryl group, a nonaromatic hydrocarbyl group, and a nonaromatic heterocyclic group, to which Z is covalently bonded; n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; m is 1 or 2; Z is O, NR, or N; X.sup.1 is a covalent bond or CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, X.sup.2 is O or NR; and R comprises H or a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from an aryl group, a heteroaryl aryl group, a nonaromatic hydrocarbyl group, and a nonaromatic heterocyclic group. Methods of preparing the compounds, methods of using the compounds, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds are described as well.

A system and method for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of protein misfolding diseases includes altering the binding or interaction(s) between any of the following (a) a peptide of interest in protein-misfolding disease, such as PrP-C or PrP-Sc, and (b) a mineral (c) copper, and/or d) a lipid particle, wherein the mineral may be montmorillonite or another mineral, and the lipid particle may be a vesicle or micelle, or may form or promote the formation of non-lamellar curved-lipid shapes.

Disclosed herein are hydrogels useful for restoring a biological activity of a denatured polypeptide, solubizing one or more protein aggregates, and/or stabilizing a polypeptide, and methods of using the same, wherein the hydrogel comprises a cross-linked polymer prepared by polymerization of a cross-linker and a first monomer of formula I.

Provided is a protein folding agent capable of folding a protein with high efficiency. A protein folding agent contains: as an active ingredient, at least one selected from compounds represented by formulas (1) to (14), salts thereof, and solvates thereof.