In one embodiment, a polyethoxylated alcohol sulfate composition is provided which includes a polyethoxylated alcohol sulfate, such as sodium laureth ether sulfate (SLES), water, a mono-alcohol, and a polyol. The two alcohols form a synergistic blend, enabling a significant reduction of the viscosity of the polyethoxylated alcohol sulfate composition. Also provided is an embodiment of a method for modifying the rheology of polyethoxylated alcohol sulfate by use of a mono-alcohol and a polyol simultaneously. Finally provided is an embodiment of a detergent composition which is prepared by use of the polyethoxylated alcohol sulfate composition described herein, in addition to other commonly known ingredients.

In one embodiment, a polyethoxylated alcohol sulfate composition is provided which includes a polyethoxylated alcohol sulfate, such as sodium laureth ether sulfate (SLES), water, a mono-alcohol, and a polyol. The two alcohols form a synergistic blend, enabling a significant reduction of the viscosity of the polyethoxylated alcohol sulfate composition. Also provided is an embodiment of a method for modifying the rheology of polyethoxylated alcohol sulfate by use of a mono-alcohol and a polyol simultaneously. Finally provided is an embodiment of a detergent composition which is prepared by use of the polyethoxylated alcohol sulfate composition described herein, in addition to other commonly known ingredients.

The ion exchange membrane according to the present invention comprises a layer A comprising a fluorine-containing polymer having a sulfonic acid group and a layer B comprising a fluorine-containing polymer having a carboxylic acid group, wherein a ratio of an ion cluster diameter of the layer B after electrolysis under the following electrolysis conditions to the ion cluster diameter of the layer B before the electrolysis [(the ion cluster diameter of the layer B after the electrolysis)/(the ion cluster diameter of the layer B before the electrolysis)] is 0.83 to 0.95: (Electrolysis Conditions) in a zero-gap base electrolytic cell where the ion exchange membrane is disposed between an anode chamber to which a 3.5 N aqueous sodium chloride solution is supplied and a cathode chamber to which a 10.8 N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is supplied, electrolysis is performed for 7 days under conditions having a temperature of 85 C. and a current density of 6 kA/m.sup.2.

The ion exchange membrane according to the present invention comprises a layer A comprising a fluorine-containing polymer having a sulfonic acid group and a layer B comprising a fluorine-containing polymer having a carboxylic acid group, wherein a ratio of an ion cluster diameter of the layer B after electrolysis under the following electrolysis conditions to the ion cluster diameter of the layer B before the electrolysis [(the ion cluster diameter of the layer B after the electrolysis)/(the ion cluster diameter of the layer B before the electrolysis)] is 0.83 to 0.95: (Electrolysis Conditions) in a zero-gap base electrolytic cell where the ion exchange membrane is disposed between an anode chamber to which a 3.5 N aqueous sodium chloride solution is supplied and a cathode chamber to which a 10.8 N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is supplied, electrolysis is performed for 7 days under conditions having a temperature of 85 C. and a current density of 6 kA/m.sup.2.

A medical device includes: a substrate layer; an adhesive layer on at least a part of the substrate layer and containing a hydrophilic copolymer (1) containing a structural unit derived from a polymerizable monomer (A) having a sulfobetaine structure, a structural unit derived from a polymerizable monomer (B) having at least one group selected from the group consisting of a sulfonic acid group (SO.sub.3H), a sulfuric acid group (OSO.sub.3H), a sulfurous acid group (OSO.sub.2H), and salt groups thereof, and a structural unit derived from a polymerizable monomer (C) having a photoreactive group; and a surface lubricious layer formed on at least a part of the adhesive layer and containing a hyaluronic acid or a salt thereof and a hydrophilic copolymer (2).

A medical device includes: a substrate layer; an adhesive layer on at least a part of the substrate layer and containing a hydrophilic copolymer (1) containing a structural unit derived from a polymerizable monomer (A) having a sulfobetaine structure, a structural unit derived from a polymerizable monomer (B) having at least one group selected from the group consisting of a sulfonic acid group (SO.sub.3H), a sulfuric acid group (OSO.sub.3H), a sulfurous acid group (OSO.sub.2H), and salt groups thereof, and a structural unit derived from a polymerizable monomer (C) having a photoreactive group; and a surface lubricious layer formed on at least a part of the adhesive layer and containing a hyaluronic acid or a salt thereof and a hydrophilic copolymer (2).

Multi-acid polymers for use as a fuel cell membrane, for example, have multi-acid monomers that have an imide base and more than two proton conducting groups. The multi-acid polymers are made by reacting a polymer precursor in sulfonyl fluoride or sulfonyl chloride form with a compound with an acid giving group. One example of a multi-acid polymer is: ##STR00001##
wherein R is one or more units of a non-SO.sub.2F or non-SO.sub.2Cl portion of a polymer precursor in sulfonyl fluoride or sulfonyl chloride form.

The ion exchange membrane according to the present invention comprises a layer A comprising a fluorine-containing polymer having a sulfonic acid group and a layer B comprising a fluorine-containing polymer having a carboxylic acid group, wherein a ratio of an ion cluster diameter of the layer B after electrolysis under the following electrolysis conditions to the ion cluster diameter of the layer B before the electrolysis [(the ion cluster diameter of the layer B after the electrolysis)/(the ion cluster diameter of the layer B before the electrolysis)] is 0.83 to 0.95:

(Electrolysis Conditions)

in a zero-gap base electrolytic cell where the ion exchange membrane is disposed between an anode chamber to which a 3.5 N aqueous sodium chloride solution is supplied and a cathode chamber to which a 10.8 N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is supplied, electrolysis is performed for 7 days under conditions having a temperature of 85 C. and a current density of 6 kA/m.sup.2.

Embodiments of the disclosure generally provide compositions and methods related to articles that display reversible photoresponsive behavior.

A composition containing a novel vinyl-group-containing compound. This composition contains a vinyl-group-containing compound represented by general formula (1). In the formula: W.sup.1 and W.sup.2 represent a group represented by general formula (2) (where a ring (Z) is an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, X is a single bond or S, R.sup.1 is a single bond or a C1-4 alkylene group, R.sup.2 is a specific substituent group such as a monovalent hydrocarbon, and m is an integer equal to 0 or higher), a group represented by general formula (4) (where the ring (Z), X, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and m are as previously stated), a hydroxyl group, or a (meth)acryloyloxy group; rings (Y.sup.1, Y.sup.2) are aromatic hydrocarbon rings; R represents a single bond or a specific divalent group; R.sup.3a and R.sup.3b represent a cyano group, a halogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group; and n1 and n2 are integers of 0-4. ##STR00001##