Provided is a composition containing a compound of formula (1), and a polymerizable liquid crystal compound or a liquid crystalline polymer compound. n represents 1 or 2; Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, and Ar.sup.3 each represent a 1,4-phenylene group or a divalent sulfur-containing aromatic heterocyclic group; At least one of Art and Ar.sup.2 has a fluorine atom; R.sup.1 represents a single bond or a group selected from —OC(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C≡C—, —CH═CH—, —CH═N—, —N═N—, and —N═CH—; R.sup.2 represents an alkylamino group or an alkoxy group; R.sup.3 represents a group selected from an alkanediyl group, an alkanediyloxy group, an alkanediyloxycarbonyl group, and an alkanediylcarbonyloxy group; and R.sup.4 represents a polymerizable group or a hydrogen atom.

R.sup.4—R.sup.3—Ar.sup.1—(—R.sup.1—Ar.sup.2—).sub.n—N═N—Ar—R.sup.2   (1)

Provided is an optically anisotropic layer in which the occurrence of a haze is suppressed and a winding aptitude is excellent; and an optical film, a polarizing plate, and an image display device, each having the optically anisotropic layer. The optically anisotropic layer is obtained by polymerizing a polymerizable liquid crystal composition containing a polymerizable liquid crystal compound, in which in a case where an amplitude value at each wavelength determined by subjecting data of a three-dimensional surface roughness to a Fourier transform is defined as L, the amplitude value L at a wavelength of 5.0 μm or more is 0.125 or more, and the amplitude value L at a wavelength of 2.0 to 2.5 μm is 0.025 or less.

Temperature-responsive poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and a preparation method thereof are disclosed. In the preparation method, with a system consisting of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) (an oxidant) and 2-methyl-N-[3-(methyl-phenyl-amino)-propyl]-acrylamide (MPAEMA) or 2-methyl-N-[3-(methyl-phenyl-amino)-propyl]-propionamide (MEMA) (a reducing agent monomer) as a redox initiation system, water and toluene as media, a nonionic surfactant as an emulsifier, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as a polymerization monomer, polymerization is conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure to obtain the PHEMA. An alcohol solution of the PHEMA has an upper critical solution temperature (UCST). The method has the advantages of simple and stable polymerization system, low polymerization cost, easy operation, mild conditions, small impact on the environment, and low energy consumption. Moreover, a molecular weight and UCST of a product are controllable within a specified range.

Temperature-responsive poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and a preparation method thereof are disclosed. In the preparation method, with a system consisting of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) (an oxidant) and 2-methyl-N-[3-(methyl-phenyl-amino)-propyl]-acrylamide (MPAEMA) or 2-methyl-N-[3-(methyl-phenyl-amino)-propyl]-propionamide (MEMA) (a reducing agent monomer) as a redox initiation system, water and toluene as media, a nonionic surfactant as an emulsifier, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as a polymerization monomer, polymerization is conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure to obtain the PHEMA. An alcohol solution of the PHEMA has an upper critical solution temperature (UCST). The method has the advantages of simple and stable polymerization system, low polymerization cost, easy operation, mild conditions, small impact on the environment, and low energy consumption. Moreover, a molecular weight and UCST of a product are controllable within a specified range.

Temperature-responsive poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and a preparation method thereof are disclosed. In the preparation method, with a system consisting of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) (an oxidant) and 2-methyl-N-[3-(methyl-phenyl-amino)-propyl]-acrylamide (MPAEMA) or 2-methyl-N-[3-(methyl-phenyl-amino)-propyl]-propionamide (MEMA) (a reducing agent monomer) as a redox initiation system, water and toluene as media, a nonionic surfactant as an emulsifier, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as a polymerization monomer, polymerization is conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure to obtain the PHEMA. An alcohol solution of the PHEMA has an upper critical solution temperature (UCST). The method has the advantages of simple and stable polymerization system, low polymerization cost, easy operation, mild conditions, small impact on the environment, and low energy consumption. Moreover, a molecular weight and UCST of a product are controllable within a specified range.

Biocompatible polymer hydrogel composite structures, methods of making the composite structures, and methods of using the composite structures as scaffolds for biological tissue growth and regeneration are provided. The methods for making the composite structures start with a porous high resolution three-dimensional hydrogel scaffold in which polymer precursors are infused and then polymerized in situ to form a water-soluble, electrically conducting polymer that is bonded to and/or entrapped within the hydrogel.

Biocompatible polymer hydrogel composite structures, methods of making the composite structures, and methods of using the composite structures as scaffolds for biological tissue growth and regeneration are provided. The methods for making the composite structures start with a porous high resolution three-dimensional hydrogel scaffold in which polymer precursors are infused and then polymerized in situ to form a water-soluble, electrically conducting polymer that is bonded to and/or entrapped within the hydrogel.

Conjugated, electrically conducting polymers (CPs) with the ability to covalently graft onto collagen and collagenic materials are provided. Also provided are methods of functionalizing biological tissues and other biological substrates with the CPs, and methods of using the functionalized biological substrates as cell and tissue growth scaffolds that harness the passive therapeutic benefits of CPs and use the enhanced conductivity provided by the scaffolds to stimulate cell growth and proliferation through the bulk of the biological substrate.

A film touch sensor is prepared by performing a process in which a separation layer made of a specific component is formed on a carrier substrate, and an insulation film is formed on a transparent conductive film pattern, which is used as a planarization layer, an adhesive layer or a base layer.

A film touch sensor is prepared by performing a process in which a separation layer made of a specific component is formed on a carrier substrate, and an insulation film is formed on a transparent conductive film pattern, which is used as a planarization layer, an adhesive layer or a base layer.