A copolymer useful as a water clarifier for a water phase of a production fluid is selected from those with a first monomer and a second monomer, and in one non-limiting embodiment having the general formula:

##STR00001##

wherein y is 10 to 50,000; z is 1 to 10,000 and n is 1 to 250. The copolymer may optionally include a third monomer. In an optional embodiment of the process, the fluid has a hydrocarbon phase, and the process further involves simultaneously drying the hydrocarbon phase of the fluid along with clarifying the water phase.

There is provided a composition that a resist pattern having a reduced LWR representing variations in line width of the resist pattern, compared to conventional resist patterns, can be formed. A resist underlayer film-forming composition for lithography comprising a polymer, 0.1 to 30 parts by mass of a compound having an amino group protected with a tert-butoxycarbonyl group and an unprotected carboxyl group, or a hydrate of the compound, relative to 100 parts by mass of the polymer, and a solvent.

There is provided a composition that a resist pattern having a reduced LWR representing variations in line width of the resist pattern, compared to conventional resist patterns, can be formed. A resist underlayer film-forming composition for lithography comprising a polymer, 0.1 to 30 parts by mass of a compound having an amino group protected with a tert-butoxycarbonyl group and an unprotected carboxyl group, or a hydrate of the compound, relative to 100 parts by mass of the polymer, and a solvent.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, an azo polymer forms a complex with a lithium ion and a sodium ion among alkali metal ions, but does not form a complex with a potassium ion. Therefore, the azo polymer is expected to be utilized as a material for a sensor capable of selectively detecting a specific alkali metal ion, or as a novel material capable of selectively trapping a specific alkali metal ion from a solution in which metal ions are mixed.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a polymerizable compound having a good liquid crystal property, a good alignment property, sufficient solubility in solvents, high preservation stability in a solution state, and high optical stability; a composition including the polymerizable compound; a polymer produced by polymerizing the polymerizable compound, such as a resin produced using the polymerizable compound; an optically anisotropic body including the polymer; and a liquid crystal display element and an organic EL device that include the optically anisotropic body. As a result of conducting intensive studies in order to achieve the above object, the compound represented by General Formula (I) is developed.

Described herein is a latex coating composition comprising particles of of the polymer are of formula I, wherein R.sup.3 is H or CH.sub.3, L is an alkylene group comprising 1-4 carbon atoms, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently selected from an alkyl group comprising 1 to 3 carbon atoms, n is an integer from 11 to 21, and A is a counter anion.

##STR00001##

Described herein is a latex coating composition comprising particles of of the polymer are of formula I, wherein R.sup.3 is H or CH.sub.3, L is an alkylene group comprising 1-4 carbon atoms, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently selected from an alkyl group comprising 1 to 3 carbon atoms, n is an integer from 11 to 21, and A is a counter anion.

##STR00001##

A curable composition containing a compound represented by General Formula A and a salt of an acidic phosphoric acid ester is provided as a curable composition for forming a cured product that has a small Abbe number and a large partial dispersion ratio and has excellent moldability.

##STR00001##

In General Formula A, Ar represents an n-valent group containing a nitrogen-containing aromatic ring as a partial structure, L represents a linking group such as —O— and —C(═O)O—, Sp represents a single bond or a divalent linking group, Pol represents a hydrogen atom or a polymerizable group, and n represents 1 or 2; and the compound represented by General Formula A has at least one polymerizable group.

Two-part cyanoacrylate/cationically curable adhesive systems, are provided.

Two-part cyanoacrylate/cationically curable adhesive systems, are provided.