The present disclosure relates to a method for the emulsion polymerization of itaconic acid containing ester functionality, for example, the alkyl esters of itaconic acid known as alkylitaconate. More specifically, an ester of polyitaconic acid polymer is produced via emulsion polymerization and contains greater than 50% by weight of an ester of itaconic acid along with a selected particle size and levels of molecular weight and syndiotactacticity.

A composition containing a novel vinyl-group-containing compound. This composition contains a vinyl-group-containing compound represented by general formula (1). In the formula: W.sup.1 and W.sup.2 represent a group represented by general formula (2) (where a ring (Z) is an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, X is a single bond or S, R.sup.1 is a single bond or a C1-4 alkylene group, R.sup.2 is a specific substituent group such as a monovalent hydrocarbon, and m is an integer equal to 0 or higher), a group represented by general formula (4) (where the ring (Z), X, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and m are as previously stated), a hydroxyl group, or a (meth)acryloyloxy group; rings (Y.sup.1, Y.sup.2) are aromatic hydrocarbon rings; R represents a single bond or a specific divalent group; R.sup.3a and R.sup.3b represent a cyano group, a halogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group; and n1 and n2 are integers of 0-4. ##STR00001##

A composition containing a novel vinyl-group-containing compound. This composition contains a vinyl-group-containing compound represented by general formula (1). In the formula: W.sup.1 and W.sup.2 represent a group represented by general formula (2) (where a ring (Z) is an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, X is a single bond or S, R.sup.1 is a single bond or a C1-4 alkylene group, R.sup.2 is a specific substituent group such as a monovalent hydrocarbon, and m is an integer equal to 0 or higher), a group represented by general formula (4) (where the ring (Z), X, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and m are as previously stated), a hydroxyl group, or a (meth)acryloyloxy group; rings (Y.sup.1, Y.sup.2) are aromatic hydrocarbon rings; R represents a single bond or a specific divalent group; R.sup.3a and R.sup.3b represent a cyano group, a halogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group; and n1 and n2 are integers of 0-4. ##STR00001##

An antifouling coating composition contains a silyl ester-based polymer and water, wherein the silyl ester-based polymer has a triorganosilyl group, the antifouling coating composition has a volatile organic compound (VOC) content of 100 g/L or less, an oxyalkylene unit is present in the antifouling coating composition, and a molar ratio ((a) (b)) of a triorganosilyl group (a) to an oxyalkylene unit (b) measured by .sup.13C-NMR with respect to the antifouling coating composition is 40.0:60.0 to 48.5:51.5.

An antifouling coating composition contains a silyl ester-based polymer and water, wherein the silyl ester-based polymer has a triorganosilyl group, the antifouling coating composition has a volatile organic compound (VOC) content of 100 g/L or less, an oxyalkylene unit is present in the antifouling coating composition, and a molar ratio ((a) (b)) of a triorganosilyl group (a) to an oxyalkylene unit (b) measured by .sup.13C-NMR with respect to the antifouling coating composition is 40.0:60.0 to 48.5:51.5.

A transverse field liquid crystal device that is capable of restraining an increase in a pretilt angle of a liquid crystal material due to formation of a polymer layer and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. According to embodiments of the present invention, a method of manufacturing a transverse field liquid crystal device includes: forming a liquid crystal composition layer above a substrate using a liquid crystal composition including a liquid crystal material and a radically polymerizable monomer; and forming a polymer layer by irradiating the liquid crystal composition layer with light and polymerizing the radically polymerizable monomer, wherein the radically polymerizable monomer includes a compound A represented by a chemical formula (1) and a compound B represented by a chemical formula (2).

A transverse field liquid crystal device that is capable of restraining an increase in a pretilt angle of a liquid crystal material due to formation of a polymer layer and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. According to embodiments of the present invention, a method of manufacturing a transverse field liquid crystal device includes: forming a liquid crystal composition layer above a substrate using a liquid crystal composition including a liquid crystal material and a radically polymerizable monomer; and forming a polymer layer by irradiating the liquid crystal composition layer with light and polymerizing the radically polymerizable monomer, wherein the radically polymerizable monomer includes a compound A represented by a chemical formula (1) and a compound B represented by a chemical formula (2).

The invention relates to a process for preparing methacrylic esters of hydroxyl-functional benzophenones and to their use. Methacrylated benzophenones (benzophenone (meth)acrylates) can be prepared in high purity by the process of the invention, in a simple way and in a high yield.

The invention relates to a process for preparing methacrylic esters of hydroxyl-functional benzophenones and to their use. Methacrylated benzophenones (benzophenone (meth)acrylates) can be prepared in high purity by the process of the invention, in a simple way and in a high yield.

The present teachings show that it is possible to polymerize 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds in an emulsion (for example using a water based carrier liquid), despite the possible reactions between the monomer and water. Polymerization of 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds in an emulsion provides opportunities to better control the polymerization compared with bulk polymerization. The emulsion polymerization techniques can be employed for preparing homopolymers, copolymers (e.g., random copolymers), and block copolymers.