A method of making a functionalized fluorinated monomer for use in making oligomers and polymers that can be used to improve surface properties of polymer-derived systems, such as coatings. The method of making a functionalized fluorinated monomer includes reacting at least one fluorinated nucleophilic reactant, such as a fluorinated alcohol, with at least one compound containing at least one epoxide group. Other methods include reaction of a fluorinated alcohol with a cyclic carboxylic anhydride. In another embodiment, a method includes reacting a fluorinated mesylate, tosylate or triflate with an amine, alkoxide or phenoxide. In other embodiments, the method includes reacting a fluorinated alcohol with an alkyl halide, or reacting a fluorinated alkyl halide with an amine. The functionalized fluorinated monomers may be used as intermediates and reacted to modify the functional groups thereon. Further, the functionalized fluorinated monomers may be reacted to form polymers or oligomers, or with polymers or oligomers having functional groups to modify the polymer or oligomer through the functional group thereon,

The production method of a substrate with a patterned film according to the present disclosure includes: a cleaning step of performing UV/ozone cleaning or oxygen plasma cleaning on a substrate with a patterned film including a substrate and a patterned film on the substrate, to obtain a first substrate with a patterned film; and a heating step of heating the first substrate with a patterned film to obtain a second substrate with a patterned film, wherein the patterned film of the first substrate with a patterned film has a contact angle decreased in the cleaning step, and the patterned film of the second substrate with a patterned film has a contact angle recovered in the heating step.

The production method of a substrate with a patterned film according to the present disclosure includes: a cleaning step of performing UV/ozone cleaning or oxygen plasma cleaning on a substrate with a patterned film to obtain a first substrate with a patterned film, the substrate with a patterned film including a substrate and a patterned film on the substrate, the patterned film containing a fluorine-containing copolymer having a specific repeating unit; and a heating step of heating the first substrate with a patterned film to obtain a second substrate with a patterned film.

A 3D printed GRIN device, the formulation and the method for making the GRIN device are disclosed. The GRIN (graded-index) device comprises i) a first phase comprising at least one polymer; ii) a second phase comprising at least one first component; and, optionally, iii) an interface between the first phase and the second phase, wherein the interface has a concentration gradient of the at least one first component, whereby the concentration of the at least one first component decreases with distance away from the second phase towards the first phase, wherein the at least one first component comprises at least one functional component, at least one functional precursor component, or combinations thereof, and wherein the GRIN device is a functional GRIN device, a functional precursor GRIN device, or a combination of a functional and functional precursor GRIN device.

A 3D printed GRIN device, the formulation and the method for making the GRIN device are disclosed. The GRIN (graded-index) device comprises i) a first phase comprising at least one polymer; ii) a second phase comprising at least one first component; and, optionally, iii) an interface between the first phase and the second phase, wherein the interface has a concentration gradient of the at least one first component, whereby the concentration of the at least one first component decreases with distance away from the second phase towards the first phase, wherein the at least one first component comprises at least one functional component, at least one functional precursor component, or combinations thereof, and wherein the GRIN device is a functional GRIN device, a functional precursor GRIN device, or a combination of a functional and functional precursor GRIN device.

Provided are amphiphilic copolymers that include repeat units of formulas [Z].sub.m and [P].sub.n, wherein Z is a zwitterionic structural unit including at least one pendant heteroaromatic moiety, the heteroaromatic moiety containing a positively charged quaternary nitrogen atom (e.g., a pyridine ring), and wherein at least one negatively charged functional moiety is linked to the heteroaromatic moiety directly or through a linker, wherein the linker, where present, is an optionally substituted alkyl linker; P is a structural unit including a hydrophobic moiety, the hydrophobic moiety being a linear, branched, or cyclic fluorine-substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.20 moiety; m is an integer that is 1; and n is an integer that is 1.