Tracing subterranean fluid flow includes providing a first polymeric tracer to a first injector, collecting a first aqueous sample from a first producer, and assessing the presence of the first polymeric tracer in the first aqueous sample. The first polymeric tracer includes a first polymer formed from at least a first monomer. The presence of the first polymeric tracer in the first aqueous sample is assessed by removing water from the first aqueous sample to yield a first dehydrated sample. pyrolyzing the first dehydrated sample to yield a first gaseous sample, and assessing the presence of a pyrolization product of the first polymer in the first gaseous sample. The presence of the pyrolization product of the first polymer in the first gaseous sample is indicative of the presence of a first subterranean flow pathway between the first injector location and the first producer location.

Tracing subterranean fluid flow includes providing a first polymeric tracer to a first injector, collecting a first aqueous sample from a first producer, and assessing the presence of the first polymeric tracer in the first aqueous sample. The first polymeric tracer includes a first polymer formed from at least a first monomer. The presence of the first polymeric tracer in the first aqueous sample is assessed by removing water from the first aqueous sample to yield a first dehydrated sample. pyrolyzing the first dehydrated sample to yield a first gaseous sample, and assessing the presence of a pyrolization product of the first polymer in the first gaseous sample. The presence of the pyrolization product of the first polymer in the first gaseous sample is indicative of the presence of a first subterranean flow pathway between the first injector location and the first producer location.

The present invention relates to a polymer of formula (I), wherein R.sub.a-R.sub.d, R.sub.a0-R.sub.d0, R.sub.a1-R.sub.d1, R.sub.a2-R.sub.d2, n, n.sub.0, n.sub.1 and n.sub.2 are as defined in the specification. When used as a film-forming resin for a photoresist, the polymer has such advantages as good ultraviolet light transmittance, high viscosity to form a thick film, fast photospeed, and high resolution. The present invention further relates to a process for the preparation of a polymer of formula (I), a use of a polymer of formula (I) as a film-forming resin in a photoresist, and a photoresist comprising a polymer of formula (I) as a film-forming resin.

##STR00001##

A photoresist composition includes a photosensitive polymer including a polymer chain and at least one first functional group coupled to the polymer chain, and a photoacid generator. The first functional group has a structure represented by the following Chemical Formula 1, ##STR00001##
where R.sub.1 is one of an alkyl group having a carbon number of 1 to 20 and an aryl group having a carbon number of 1 to 20, and R.sub.2 is one of H, F, Cl, Br, an alkyl group having a carbon number of 1 to 20, and an aryl group having a carbon number of 1 to 20.

A specific method for preparing platinum particles grafted with proton-conducting polymers and use of these particles as catalysts for oxygen reduction.

Provided is a method of producing an amine adduct of a conductive composite, including: adding an amine compound to a conductive polymer dispersion liquid which contains water and a conductive composite containing a conjugated conductive polymer and a polyanion at a mass ratio of the conjugated conductive polymer to the polyanion of 1:3 to 1:7.5 to precipitate an amine adduct of the conductive composite.

Provided is an ionomer resin including a copolymer containing the following first structural unit. ##STR00001## L.sub.1 to L.sub.5 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkanol group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a specific functional group including an anion-exchange group, and an example of the functional group is Z.sub.2-M.sub.1-Z.sub.1(R.sub.1)(R.sub.2)(R.sub.3). R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 are directly bonded to Z.sub.1 and are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or an alkanol group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. M.sub.1 is a linear hydrocarbon chain having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, Z.sub.1 is a nitrogen atom or a phosphorus atom, and Z.sub.2 is a nitrogen atom bonded to one hydrogen atom, an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom. L.sub.6 is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group.

The present invention relates to a compound of Formula (I): where {circle around (P)} R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and Z are as described herein and to a process for preparing a compound of Formula (I). This invention also relates to a process for the synthesis of a polymer which includes providing a monomer composition, providing a compound of Formula (I), and polymerizing monomers within the monomer composition through controlled free radical polymerization with the compound of Formula (I) to form the polymer.

##STR00001##

Disclosed are photosensitive resin compositions capable of forming positive resin films with excellent heat shape retention. The photosensitive resin compositions comprises a polymer having a monomer unit represented by the following general formula (I) and a polyamideimide:

##STR00001##

where R.sup.1 is a single chemical bond or a divalent C1-C6 hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, and R.sup.2 is a hydrogen or a monovalent C1-C6 hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent.

The present invention is a bio-electrode composition containing an ionic polymer material as a component (A), where the component (A) includes a polymer having: a repeating unit-a having a structure selected from the group consisting of salts of ammonium, sodium, potassium, and silver formed with any of fluorosulfonic acid, fluorosulfonimide, and N-carbonyl-fluorosulfonamide; and a repeating unit-b having a nitro group. This provides: a bio-electrode composition capable of forming a living body contact layer for a bio-electrode that is excellent in electric conductivity and biocompatibility, is light-weight, can be manufactured at low cost, can control significant reduction in conductivity either when the bio-electrode is soaked in water or dried, and is soft and has excellent stretchability and adhesiveness; a bio-electrode including a living body contact layer formed of the bio-electrode composition; and a method for manufacturing the bio-electrode.