Disclosed is a fluorine-containing oligomer comprising a copolymer of a fluoroalkyl alcohol (meth)acrylic acid derivative represented by the general formula:

C.sub.nF.sub.2n+1(CH.sub.2CF.sub.2).sub.a(CF.sub.2CF.sub.2).sub.b(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.cOCOCR═CH.sub.2  [I]

wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, n is an integer of 1 to 6, a is an integer of 1 to 4; b is an integer of 0 to 3; and c is an integer of 1 to 3; and a (meth)acrylic acid derivative represented by the general formula:

(CH.sub.2═CRCO).sub.mR′  [II]

wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, m is 1, 2, or 3; and when m is 1, R′ is OH group, NH.sub.2 group that is unsubstituted or mono- or di-substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a monovalent group derived from an alkylene glycol or polyalkylene glycol group containing an alkylene group having 2 or 3 carbon atoms; when m is 2 or 3, R′ is a divalent or trivalent organic group derived from a diol or triol. The copolymerization reaction is performed using a hydrocarbon-based peroxide or azo compound polymerization initiator. Also disclosed are nano-silica composite particles formed as a condensate of the fluorine-containing oligomer and an alkoxysilane with nano-silica particles.

A curable composition comprising the components (i) 0 to 60 wt % non-ionic crosslinker(s); (ii) 20 to 85 wt % curable ionic compound(s) comprising an anionic group and at least one ethylenically unsaturated group; (iii) 15 to 45 wt % solvent(s); (iv) 0 to 10 wt % of photoinitiator(s); and (v) 2 to 45 wt % of structure modifier(s); wherein the molar ratio of component (v):(ii) is 0.25 to 0.65. The compositions are useful for preparing membranes for (reverse) electrodialysis.

A curable composition comprising the components (i) 0 to 60 wt % non-ionic crosslinker(s); (ii) 20 to 85 wt % curable ionic compound(s) comprising an anionic group and at least one ethylenically unsaturated group; (iii) 15 to 45 wt % solvent(s); (iv) 0 to 10 wt % of photoinitiator(s); and (v) 2 to 45 wt % of structure modifier(s); wherein the molar ratio of component (v):(ii) is 0.25 to 0.65. The compositions are useful for preparing membranes for (reverse) electrodialysis.

A polyacrylamide-based copolymer reduces or prevents aggregation of biologic molecules including proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids, and lipid-based vehicles such as liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, polymerosomes, and micelles, in aqueous formulations at hydrophobic interfaces, thereby increasing the thermal stability of the molecules in the formulation. Methods and compositions comprising the copolymer and a protein or the copolymer and insulin can be used for treating conditions including diabetes.

A polyacrylamide-based copolymer reduces or prevents aggregation of biologic molecules including proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids, and lipid-based vehicles such as liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, polymerosomes, and micelles, in aqueous formulations at hydrophobic interfaces, thereby increasing the thermal stability of the molecules in the formulation. Methods and compositions comprising the copolymer and a protein or the copolymer and insulin can be used for treating conditions including diabetes.

A gas-absorbing material that contains amino group-having polymer compound particles and fine particles having a primary particle diameter of 1000 nm or less is a gas-absorbing material having a markedly higher gas absorption/desorption speed. Here, as the polymer compound of the amino group-having polymer compound particles, for example, a (meth)acrylamide polymer can be used, and as the fine particles, for example, water-repellent inorganic particles or fluororesin particles can be used.

A gas-absorbing material that contains amino group-having polymer compound particles and fine particles having a primary particle diameter of 1000 nm or less is a gas-absorbing material having a markedly higher gas absorption/desorption speed. Here, as the polymer compound of the amino group-having polymer compound particles, for example, a (meth)acrylamide polymer can be used, and as the fine particles, for example, water-repellent inorganic particles or fluororesin particles can be used.

The present invention provides an actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition capable of obtaining a pattern having a good shape, a resist film, a pattern forming method, and a method for manufacturing an electronic device. The actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition of an embodiment of the present invention includes a salt including a cation represented by Formula (X) and a resin of which polarity increases through decomposition by the action of an acid.

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A polymer compound is provided which is changed from a water-insoluble state to a water-soluble state by irradiation with light. The polymer compound is represented by Formula (5), where A and B are a single bond or a functional group, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.9 are hydrogen or an alkyl group, and R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are hydrogen, an alkyl group, or the like.

A polymer compound is provided which is changed from a water-insoluble state to a water-soluble state by irradiation with light. The polymer compound is represented by Formula (5), where A and B are a single bond or a functional group, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.9 are hydrogen or an alkyl group, and R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are hydrogen, an alkyl group, or the like.