In one embodiment, an alkylphenol copolymer is disclosed wherein the copolymer comprises at least one alkylphenol monomer and the alkylphenol copolymer exhibits the following: an oscillation displacement Θ of greater than 0 at a temperature of −5° C. in a first oscillation temperature sweep and an oscillation displacement Θ in a second oscillation temperature sweep within 25% of the oscillation displacement Θ in the first oscillation temperature sweep at a temperature of −5° C. In a further embodiment, a petroleum composition is disclosed wherein the composition comprises a petroleum source and a macromolecular compound wherein the macromolecular compound exhibits the following: an oscillation displacement Θ of greater than 0 at a temperature of −10° C. in a first oscillation temperature sweep, and an oscillation displacement Θ in a second oscillation temperature sweep within 25% of the oscillation displacement Θ in the first oscillation temperature sweep at a temperature of −10° C.

Aromatic alcohol-lignin-aldehyde resins and process for making and using same. In some examples, a process for making a resin can include heating a first mixture that includes a lignin, an aromatic alcohol, and a base compound to produce a second mixture that can include an activated lignin, the aromatic alcohol, and the base compound. The second mixture can be heated with an aldehyde to produce a third mixture that can include an aromatic alcohol-lignin-aldehyde resin and unreacted free aldehyde. In some examples, an aromatic alcohol-lignin-aldehyde resin can be or include a co-polymer of an activated lignin, an aromatic alcohol, and an aldehyde. A weight ratio of the activated lignin to the aromatic alcohol can be about 20:80 to about 95:5.

Aromatic alcohol-lignin-aldehyde resins and process for making and using same. In some examples, a process for making a resin can include heating a first mixture that includes a lignin, an aromatic alcohol, and a base compound to produce a second mixture that can include an activated lignin, the aromatic alcohol, and the base compound. The second mixture can be heated with an aldehyde to produce a third mixture that can include an aromatic alcohol-lignin-aldehyde resin and unreacted free aldehyde. In some examples, an aromatic alcohol-lignin-aldehyde resin can be or include a co-polymer of an activated lignin, an aromatic alcohol, and an aldehyde. A weight ratio of the activated lignin to the aromatic alcohol can be about 20:80 to about 95:5.

Compositions, methods, and resins using alkyl aldehydes and phenols are provided herein. In one embodiment, a composition comprising an alkylphenol resin can be prepared by condensing at least one phenolic monomer selected from the group consisting of phenol, cresol, resorcinol, xylenol, ethyl phenol, alkylresorcinols, and combinations thereof; and at least one alkyl aldehyde having from 5 to 12 carbon atom alkyl groups. The alkylphenol resins of the application are free of octylphenol or nonylphenol monomers. In one embodiment, the alkylphenol resins may be prepared using formaldehyde, and alternatively, in another embodiment, the alkylphenol resins may be prepared without the use of formaldehyde. The process to make these new alternative alkylphenol resins is a cost effective process and easy to scale-up.

Compositions, methods, and resins using alkyl aldehydes and phenols are provided herein. In one embodiment, a composition comprising an alkylphenol resin can be prepared by condensing at least one phenolic monomer selected from the group consisting of phenol, cresol, resorcinol, xylenol, ethyl phenol, alkylresorcinols, and combinations thereof; and at least one alkyl aldehyde having from 5 to 12 carbon atom alkyl groups. The alkylphenol resins of the application are free of octylphenol or nonylphenol monomers. In one embodiment, the alkylphenol resins may be prepared using formaldehyde, and alternatively, in another embodiment, the alkylphenol resins may be prepared without the use of formaldehyde. The process to make these new alternative alkylphenol resins is a cost effective process and easy to scale-up.

A phenol resin for a wet friction material of the invention contains a resol-type phenol resin having, in one molecule, a structural unit A which is derived from a phenol compound having one phenolic hydroxyl group and a structural unit B which is derived from a polyfunctional phenol compound having two phenolic hydroxyl groups.

Described herein is a method for the preparation of a rigid polyisocyanate based foam, including mixing (a) polyisocyanate, (b) at least one compound having at least two hydrogen atoms reactive towards isocyanates, (c) optionally flame retardant, (d) blowing agent, (e) catalyst and (f) optionally further additives, to form a reaction mixture and reacting the reaction mixture to obtain the polyurethane based rigid foam where the compound reactive towards isocyanates (b) includes an aromatic polyetherpolyol (b2) and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of an aromatic polyesterpolyol (b1) and a polyetherpolyol (b3) different from polyether (b2). Also described herein is a rigid polyisocyanate based foam obtained from such a method and a polyol component for the production of a polyisocyanate based foam.

Described herein is a method for the preparation of a rigid polyisocyanate based foam, including mixing (a) polyisocyanate, (b) at least one compound having at least two hydrogen atoms reactive towards isocyanates, (c) optionally flame retardant, (d) blowing agent, (e) catalyst and (f) optionally further additives, to form a reaction mixture and reacting the reaction mixture to obtain the polyurethane based rigid foam where the compound reactive towards isocyanates (b) includes an aromatic polyetherpolyol (b2) and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of an aromatic polyesterpolyol (b1) and a polyetherpolyol (b3) different from polyether (b2). Also described herein is a rigid polyisocyanate based foam obtained from such a method and a polyol component for the production of a polyisocyanate based foam.

An anion exchange membrane includes a porous structural framework and bismuth atoms bonded to pore surfaces of the porous structural framework. Each bismuth atom is bonded to a pore surface by way of one or two oxygen atoms.

A phenolic foam and method for manufacturing same are described herein. The foam comprises at least on chlorinated hydrofluoroolefin, at least one hydrofluoroolefin and at least one hydrocarbon. The foam has excellent thermal insulation performance and excellent fire performance.