An example of a flow cell includes a substrate and a cured, patterned resin on the substrate. The cured, patterned resin has nano-depressions separated by interstitial regions. Each nano-depression has a largest opening dimension ranging from about 10 nm to about 1000 nm. The cured, patterned resin also includes an interpenetrating polymer network. The interpenetrating polymer network of the cured, patterned resin includes an epoxy-based polymer and a (meth)acryloyl-based polymer.

This invention provides methods for coating food and beverage containers using polymers which are preferably polyether polymers. The invention further provides liquid and powder coating compositions including such polymers and which have utility in a variety of other coating end uses, including, for example, valve and pipe coatings.

A complex non-naturally occurring phenolic compounds mixtures or engineered phenolic compounds compositions, from catalytic degradation of lignocellulose, and the use thereof.

Provided is a cationic curing agent including porous particles and a mixture carried on the porous particles. The mixture includes a compound represented by Formula (1) below in which R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 are identical and R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 are identical and a compound represented by Formula (1) below in which at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 is different.

##STR00001##

In Formula (1), R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 are each an optionally branched alkyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group that may have a substituent, and R.sup.4 to R.sup.6 are each a hydrogen atom, an optionally branched alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a halogenoalkyl group, an alkoxy group, or a phenoxy group that may have a substituent.

Provided is a cationic curing agent including porous particles and a mixture carried on the porous particles. The mixture includes a compound represented by Formula (1) below in which R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 are identical and R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 are identical and a compound represented by Formula (1) below in which at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 is different.

##STR00001##

In Formula (1), R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 are each an optionally branched alkyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group that may have a substituent, and R.sup.4 to R.sup.6 are each a hydrogen atom, an optionally branched alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a halogenoalkyl group, an alkoxy group, or a phenoxy group that may have a substituent.

Provided are a phenoxy resin having excellent heat resistance, low hygroscopicity, and solvent solubility, a resin composition using the same, and a cured object obtained therefrom. The phenoxy resin is represented by Formula (1) below and has an Mw of 10,000 to 200,000: ##STR00001##
where, X represents a divalent group, and includes, essentially, a group having a cyclohexane ring structure and a group having a fluorene ring structure. Y represents a hydrogen atom or a glycidyl group. n is the number of repetitions and an average value thereof is 25 to 500.

Proposed is a recyclable epoxy compound containing an α,β-unsaturated ketone group and/or a hydroxy ketone group bonded through an aldol reaction between a ketone group and an aldehyde group containing a hydroxyl group among non-toxic natural materials, without using a bisphenol A type epoxy, a toxic material. In addition, proposed are a method of preparing the same compound, an epoxy composite material containing the same compound, and a method of degrading the same composite material.

The present invention provides a surface treatment film that is capable of imparting durability such as wear resistance, friction resistance, chemical resistance, heat resistance, and solvent resistance to the surfaces of various substrates, and that exhibits excellent adhesion to the surfaces of the substrates. The surface treatment film is provided on the surface of a substrate. The surface treatment film has a laminated structure that includes a polymer layer (i) disposed on the surface side of the substrate and a polymer layer (ii) disposed on the polymer layer (i). The polymer layer (i) contains a first polymer derived from a polymerization initiation group-containing polymer, such as a polyester having, in a side chain, a functional group represented by formula (1) wherein R.sub.1 represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or the like, R.sub.2 represents a methyl group or the like, X represents a chlorine atom or the like, Y represents O or NH, and * shows a bonding position. The polymer layer (ii) contains a second polymer which contains a constituent unit derived from a monomer such as an aromatic vinyl-based monomer and which extends using the functional group represented by formula (i) as a polymerization initiation point.

The present invention provides a surface treatment film that is capable of imparting durability such as wear resistance, friction resistance, chemical resistance, heat resistance, and solvent resistance to the surfaces of various substrates, and that exhibits excellent adhesion to the surfaces of the substrates. The surface treatment film is provided on the surface of a substrate. The surface treatment film has a laminated structure that includes a polymer layer (i) disposed on the surface side of the substrate and a polymer layer (ii) disposed on the polymer layer (i). The polymer layer (i) contains a first polymer derived from a polymerization initiation group-containing polymer, such as a polyester having, in a side chain, a functional group represented by formula (1) wherein R.sub.1 represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or the like, R.sub.2 represents a methyl group or the like, X represents a chlorine atom or the like, Y represents O or NH, and * shows a bonding position. The polymer layer (ii) contains a second polymer which contains a constituent unit derived from a monomer such as an aromatic vinyl-based monomer and which extends using the functional group represented by formula (i) as a polymerization initiation point.

A curable green epoxy resin composition is described. More particularly, the curable green epoxy resin composition includes a biobinder isolated from bio-oil produced from animal waste, such as from swine manure. The biobinder can act as a curing agent for an epoxy resin component in the resin composition. Cured green epoxy resins, prepregs containing the curable green epoxy resin, and related composite materials are described. In addition, methods of preparing the curable green epoxy resin composition and of curing the curable green epoxy resin.