Objects of the present invention are to provide an organic semiconductor element having excellent coating manufacturing process suitability, excellent carrier mobility, excellent heat resistance, and excellent flexibility of a semiconductor active layer and to provide an organic semiconductor composition that can form an organic semiconductor having excellent coating manufacturing process suitability, excellent carrier mobility, excellent heat resistance and excellent flexibility, an organic semiconductor film in which the composition is used, and a method of manufacturing an organic semiconductor element.

The organic semiconductor element according to the present invention includes a compound represented by Formula 1 in a semiconductor active layer. In Formula 1, A is an aromatic ring selected from any one of aromatic rings represented by Formula 2 or 3, *'s represent bonding positions to two side chalcogenophene rings, X.sup.a's represent chalcogen atoms, one of X.sup.1 and Y.sup.1 is a chalcogen atom, and one of X.sup.2 and Y.sup.2 is a chalcogen atom.

##STR00001##

In some embodiments, conjugated polymers and oligomers are described herein, which can demonstrate white light or substantially white light emission, thereby reducing or precluding reliance on layered or blended polymer constructions for organic white light emitting devices.

This disclosure relates generally to electrochromic polymers that include a plurality of π-conjugated chromophores in spaced relation with one another, and a plurality of conjugation-break spacers (CBSs), where at least one CBS separates adjacent chromophores. The chromophores may be colored in the neutral state, and multicolored to transmissive in different oxidization states.

The invention relates to novel conjugated polymers containing one or more units based on dithieno[3,2-c;2′,3′-e]azepine-4,6-dione that is fused to further aromatic rings, to methods for their preparation and educts or intermediates used therein, to polymer blends, mixtures and formulations containing them, to the use of the polymers, polymer blends, mixtures and formulations as organic semiconductors in, or for the preparation of, organic electronic (OE) devices, especially organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices and organic photodetectors (OPD), and to OE, OPV and OPD devices comprising, or being prepared from, these polymers, polymer blends, mixtures or formulations.

The invention provides novel hydrophilic conjugated polymers, e.g., hydrophilic poly(arylene vinylenes) or PAVs, and preparation thereof, and methods and devices for their application in photovoltaics, and the resulting improved solar cells.

Polymers comprising at least one unit of formulae

##STR00001##

and compounds of the formulae

##STR00002##

wherein, in formulae 1, 1′, 2 and 2′
n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 M1 and M2 are independently of each other an aromatic or heteroaromatic monocyclic or bicyclic ring system;
X is at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se or Te,
Q is at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of C, Si or Ge
R is at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-100-alkyl, C.sub.2-100-alkenyl, C.sub.2-100-alkynyl, C.sub.5-12-cycloalkyl, C.sub.6-18-aryl, a 5 to 20 membered heteroaryl, C(O)—C.sub.1-100-alkyl, C(O)—C.sub.5-12-cycloalkyl and C(O)—OC.sub.1-100-alkyl.
R.sup.2, R.sup.2′, R.sup.2″, R* are at each occurrence independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-30-alkyl, C.sub.2-30-alkenyl, C.sub.2-30-alkynyl, C.sub.5-12-cycloalkyl, C.sub.6-18-aryl, 5 to 20 membered heteroaryl, OR.sup.21, OC(O)—R.sup.21, C(O)—OR.sup.21, C(O)—R.sup.21, NR.sup.21R.sup.22, NR.sup.21—C(O)R.sup.22, C(O)—NR.sup.21R.sup.22, N[C(O)R.sup.21][C(O)R.sup.22], SR.sup.21, halogen, CN, SiR.sup.SisR.sup.SitR.sup.Siu and OH,
L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of C.sub.6-30-arylene, 5 to 30 membered heteroarylene,

##STR00003##

A polymer comprising an optionally substituted repeat unit of formula (I): wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 in each occurrence are independently selected from H or a substituent; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may be linked to form a ring; and A is an optionally substituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group. ##STR00001##

The invention relates to novel conjugated polymers containing one or more 5,6-difluoro-benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole-4,7-diylunits (hereinafter referred to as “FF-BTZ” units) and two or more different bridged bithiophene units, to methods for their preparation and educts or intermediates used therein, to polymer blends, mixtures and formulations containing them, to the use of the polymers, polymer blends, mixtures and formulations as organic semiconductors in, or for the preparation of, organic electronic (OE) devices, especially organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices and organic photodetectors (OPD), and to OE, OPV and OPD devices comprising, or being prepared from, these polymers, polymer blends, mixtures or formulations.

The present disclosure provides for the development and applications of monomeric, oligomeric and/or polymeric semiconductor materials comprising a five-membered heteroaromatic unit (e.g., thiophene; furan; selenophene; etc.) that includes an acrylyl or an acrylyl-like (—C═C—CO—) side chain. The semiconductor materials can be used as organic semiconductors for use in electronic, optical, or optoelectronic devices such as organic thin film transistors and organic photovoltaics. The disclosed semiconductor materials (e.g., semiconducting polymer compounds) can be used as high performance semiconductors (e.g., for organic solar cells or organic photovoltaics (OPVs)), and the disclosed semiconductor materials can be used for other devices (e.g., organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) and sensors, etc.).

Water-soluble, fluorescent particles and compositions, kits, and methods of making and using such particles are disclosed. Processes for preparing fluorescent particles and for controlling the size, polydispersity and optical properties of such particles also are provided.