An aspect of the present disclosure is a bioderived polymer that includes a first repeat unit that includes

##STR00001##

where n is an integer between 1 and 1000, and R.sup.1 is a first hydrocarbon group.

An aspect of the present disclosure is a bioderived polymer that includes a first repeat unit that includes

##STR00001##

where n is an integer between 1 and 1000, and R.sup.1 is a first hydrocarbon group.

A process for reducing the amount of hydroxyl-end-groups of a polyester, wherein the polyester is prepared from at least one dicarboxylic acid and at least one dihydroxy alcohol, and at least one additive selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acid anhydride and mono-isocyanate, and wherein the additive is added during a step of prepolycondensation and/or during a step of polycondensation and/or after a step of polycondensation.

The present invention provides a new polyester biomaterial through a simple one-step polycondensation synthesis. 124 polymer exhibited highly elastic properties under aqueous conditions that were tunable according to the UV light exposure, monomer composition, and porosity of the cured elastomer. Its elastomeric properties fell within the range of adult heart myocardium, but they could also be optimized for higher elasticity for weaker immature constructs. The polymer showed relatively stable degradation characteristics, both hydrolytically and in a cellular environment, suggesting maintenance of material properties as a scaffold support for potential tissue implants. When assessed for cell interaction, this polymer supported rat cardiac cell attachment in vitro as well as decreased fibrous capsule formation in vivo when compared to poly(L-lactic acid) control. This suggests the potential applicability of this material as an elastomer for cardiac tissue engineered constructs. Furthermore, the highly elastic polyester could be molded and photocrosslinked into a complex mesh structure with feature size on the order of tens of micrometers, demonstrating utility in cardiac tissue engineering constructs.

Disclosed is a toner which is excellent in low-temperature fixability, high-temperature offset resistance, storage stability and durability, while having a wide range of fixing temperature. Also disclosed is a polyester resin used for such a toner. The polyester resin is one of the following polyester resin (A)-(E) for toners. (A) A polyester resin for toners having an Mp as determined by GPC of not less than 12,000 and having an unsaturated double bond (B) A polyester resin for toners obtained by crosslinking the polyester resin (A) (C) A polyester resin for toners containing the polyester resin (A) and another polyester resin having an Mp as determined by GPC of less than 12,000 (D) A polyester resin for toners obtained by crosslinking the polyester resin (C) (E) A polyester resin for toners containing a THF soluble fraction and a THF insoluble fraction wherein the Mw/Mn of the THF soluble fraction is not less than 6 and the total of the acid value and the hydroxyl value of the THF insoluble fraction is not more than 40 mgKOH/g.

The present disclosure provides a Lewis acid-base pair catalytic initiator and an application thereof. The Lewis acid-base pair catalytic initiator includes a Lewis acid and a Lewis base, the Lewis acid having a structural general formula as shown in formula (I) and the Lewis base having a structural general formula as shown in formula (II); wherein: the A is selected from element Baron or element Aluminum; the R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 are independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, aryl or halogen groups; the alkyl or alkoxy have a carbon number being equal to or greater than 1 to equal to or less than 16; the aryl contains substituents with the number being equal to or less than 5, the substituents being selected from methyl, methoxy or halogen; n is selected from an integer from 1 to 16.

The present disclosure provides a Lewis acid-base pair catalytic initiator and an application thereof. The Lewis acid-base pair catalytic initiator includes a Lewis acid and a Lewis base, the Lewis acid having a structural general formula as shown in formula (I) and the Lewis base having a structural general formula as shown in formula (II); wherein: the A is selected from element Baron or element Aluminum; the R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 are independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, aryl or halogen groups; the alkyl or alkoxy have a carbon number being equal to or greater than 1 to equal to or less than 16; the aryl contains substituents with the number being equal to or less than 5, the substituents being selected from methyl, methoxy or halogen; n is selected from an integer from 1 to 16.

In various embodiments, the invention relates to poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF)-based star-shaped copolymers synthesized using a core-first approach that uses a multi-functional alcohols as an initiator, and Mg(BHT).sub.2(THF).sub.2 as catalyst for controlled ring opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of maleic anhydride (MAn) with propylene oxide (PO). In some embodiments, these star-PPF copolymers have lower viscosities than their linear analogs, allowing a decrease in DEF fraction in resin formulation, as well as the use of higher molecular weights. These star-shape PPF can be used to prepare PPF:DEF resins containing as much as 70% by weight of the multi-arm PPF star copolymers, and have a low complex viscosity of high M.sub.n star PPF resin that affords rapid printing with a M.sub.n nearly eight times larger than the largest linear PPF oligomer printed previously.

A composition includes a polymer, a functional component, and an oxidation catalyst. The functional component may be an oxidizable additive or a precursor thereof. The oxidizable additive includes an organic moiety including a first carbon atom (C1) attached to a hydrogen (H), a first group having a conjugated unit (a double bond, a triple bond, an aromatic ring); a second group having a heteroatom (including C═N, N═O, C═O, an O, a N, a fragment having at least three heteroatoms (including a N) within a spatial distance of 4 Å from C1); and a third group (hydrogen, an alkyl group, an aromatic group, a double bond, a triple bond, and a heteroatom). The C1 may be attached to a strong mesomeric electron-donating group and a strong mesomeric electron-withdrawing group; or to a conjugated group and a mesomeric group. The functional component may be derived from a recycled plastic article.

Provided herein are polyesters that comprise (i) monomer units derived from sugar-based bicyclic diol; (ii) monomer units derived from an unsaturated aliphatic diacid; and (iii) monomer units derived from a saturated aliphatic diacid. The monomer units derived from the ethylenically unsaturated aliphatic diacid can be present in an amount of from greater than 0 mole % to 40 mole % of the polyester. These polyesters can be formed into articles using additive manufacturing methods. The resulting articles can be biocompatible, resorbable over a span of from 3 months to 12 months following implantation in the human body, and can exhibit desirable mechanical properties for applications, including porosity and elasticity.