The present specification provides a di-polycyclic compound, and a polymer chain consisting of alternating electron donor compounds and electron acceptor compounds, which include the di-polycyclic compound.

Quinolines, polyquinolines, polybenzoquinolines, molecular segments of fullerenes and graphene nanoribbons, and graphene nanoribbons and processes for producing such materials are provided. The processes utilize a form of an aza-Diels-Alder (Povarov) reaction to first form quinolines and/or polyquinolines. In some such embodiments polyquinolines thus produced are used to form graphene nanoribbon precursors, and molecular segments and graphene nanoribbons. In many such embodiments the graphene nanoribbone precursors are formed from polybenzoquinolines.

A meta-dielectric film usable in a capacitor includes composite molecules with a resistive envelope built with alkyl oligomeric single chain or branched chain oligomers having carbo-hydrogen or carbo-fluoro composition and a polarizable core molecular fragment inside the resistive envelope. The polarizable core has an electronic or ionic type of polarizability provided by electronic conductivity of the core molecular fragment or limited mobility of ionic parts of the core molecular fragment.

Materials having charge-storing properties and made variously of dipyridine-fused benzoquinones of formula (1) below or derivatives thereof, dipyridine-fused benzoquinones of formula (4) below or derivatives thereof, or dipyridine-fused benzoquinone skeleton-containing polymers are provided. ##STR00001##
In the formulas, Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.2 are each independently a pyridine ring that forms together with two carbon atoms on a benzoquinone skeleton, or a derivative thereof. When used as electrode active materials, these charge storage materials are capable of providing high-performance batteries possessing a high capacity, high rate characteristics and high cycle characteristics.

The present specification provides a di-polycyclic compound, and a polymer chain consisting of alternating electron donor compounds and electron acceptor compounds, which include the di-polycyclic compound.

The present specification provides a di-polycyclic compound, and a polymer chain consisting of alternating electron donor compounds and electron acceptor compounds, which include the di-polycyclic compound.

The present invention discloses a class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic polymers, a class of polymer membranes and applications thereof, wherein the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic polymers comprise structural units of following general formula:

##STR00001##

A nitrogen-containing heterocycles in the class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic polymers have large steric hindrance and electron donating groups, which are beneficial for further improving stability of materials. The class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic polymers can be formed membranes using commonly industrial methods such as coating. The prepared polymer membranes have advantages such as large scale, thin thickness, high strength, and excellent ion conductivity, which can be used in fuel cells, water electrolysis hydrogen production, metal-air batteries, flow batteries, carbon dioxide reduction, supercapacitors, electrodialysis, water treatment, membrane humidification, nickel hydrogen batteries, zinc manganese batteries, acid separation, salt lake lithium extraction, and other fields.

The present invention discloses a class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic polymers, a class of polymer membranes and applications thereof, wherein the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic polymers comprise structural units of following general formula: ##STR00001## A nitrogen-containing heterocycles in the class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic polymers have large steric hindrance and electron donating groups, which are beneficial for further improving stability of materials. The class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic polymers can be formed membranes using commonly industrial methods such as coating. The prepared polymer membranes have advantages such as large scale, thin thickness, high strength, and excellent ion conductivity, which can be used in fuel cells, water electrolysis hydrogen production, metal-air batteries, flow batteries, carbon dioxide reduction, supercapacitors, electrodialysis, water treatment, membrane humidification, nickel hydrogen batteries, zinc manganese batteries, acid separation, salt lake lithium extraction, and other fields.

Materials having charge-storing properties and made variously of dipyridine-fused benzoquinones of formula (1) below or derivatives thereof, dipyridine-fused benzoquinones of formula (4) below or derivatives thereof, or dipyridine-fused benzoquinone skeleton-containing polymers are provided.

##STR00001##

In the formulas, Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.2 are each independently a pyridine ring that forms together with two carbon atoms on a benzoquinone skeleton, or a derivative thereof. When used as electrode active materials, these charge storage materials are capable of providing high-performance batteries possessing a high capacity, high rate characteristics and high cycle characteristics.

A method of preparing hollow metal or metal oxide nano- or microspheres is provided. The method comprises providing a suspension comprising monodispersed polydopamine nano- or microspheres, forming a layer of metal or metal oxide on the monodispersed polydopamine nano- or microspheres, and adding an alkaline solution to the suspension to dissolve the polydopamine thereby forming the hollow metal or metal oxide nano- or microspheres.