The present invention provides a bio-electrode composition including a silicone bonded to a sulfonamide salt, wherein the sulfonamide salt is shown by the following general formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 represents a linear, branched, or cyclic alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms optionally having an aromatic group, an ether group, or an ester group, or an arylene group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms; Rf represents a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and containing at least one fluorine atom; M.sup.+ is an ion selected from a lithium ion, a sodium ion, a potassium ion, and a silver ion. This can form a living body contact layer for a bio-electrode that is excellent in electric conductivity and biocompatibility, light-weight, manufacturable at low cost, and free from large lowering of the electric conductivity even though it is wetted with water or dried.

The present invention provides a bio-electrode composition including a silicone bonded to a sulfonamide salt, wherein the sulfonamide salt is shown by the following general formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 represents a linear, branched, or cyclic alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms optionally having an aromatic group, an ether group, or an ester group, or an arylene group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms; Rf represents a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and containing at least one fluorine atom; M.sup.+ is an ion selected from a lithium ion, a sodium ion, a potassium ion, and a silver ion. This can form a living body contact layer for a bio-electrode that is excellent in electric conductivity and biocompatibility, light-weight, manufacturable at low cost, and free from large lowering of the electric conductivity even though it is wetted with water or dried.

A thermosetting silicon-containing compound contains one or more of structural units shown by the following general formulae (Sx-1), (Sx-2), and (Sx-3): ##STR00001##
where R.sup.1 represents a monovalent organic group containing both a phenyl group optionally having a substituent and a non-aromatic ring having 3 to 10 carbon atoms; and R.sup.2, R.sup.3 each represent the R.sup.1 or a monovalent organic group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms. Thus, the present invention provides a thermosetting silicon-containing compound usable in a silicon-containing resist underlayer film material capable of achieving contradictory properties of having both alkaline developer resistance and improved solubility in an alkaline stripping liquid containing no hydrogen peroxide.

A thermosetting silicon-containing compound contains one or more of structural units shown by the following general formulae (Sx-1), (Sx-2), and (Sx-3): ##STR00001##
where R.sup.1 represents a monovalent organic group containing both a phenyl group optionally having a substituent and a non-aromatic ring having 3 to 10 carbon atoms; and R.sup.2, R.sup.3 each represent the R.sup.1 or a monovalent organic group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms. Thus, the present invention provides a thermosetting silicon-containing compound usable in a silicon-containing resist underlayer film material capable of achieving contradictory properties of having both alkaline developer resistance and improved solubility in an alkaline stripping liquid containing no hydrogen peroxide.

A silicon-containing composition includes: a first polysiloxane; a second polysiloxane different from the first polysiloxane; and a solvent. The first polysiloxane includes a group which includes at least one selected from the group consisting of an ester bond, a carbonate structure, and a cyano group. The second polysiloxane includes a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.

The present invention provides a bio-electrode composition including a silicone bonded to a sulfonimide salt, wherein the sulfonimide salt is shown by the following general formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 represents a linear, branched, or cyclic alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms optionally having an aromatic group, an ether group, or an ester group, or an arylene group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms; Rf represents a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and containing at least one fluorine atom; M.sup.+ is an ion selected from a lithium ion, a sodium ion, a potassium ion, and a silver ion. This can form a living body contact layer for a bio-electrode that is excellent in electric conductivity and biocompatibility, light-weight, manufacturable at low cost, and free from large lowering of the electric conductivity even though it is wetted with water or dried.

The present invention provides a bio-electrode composition including a silicone bonded to a sulfonimide salt, wherein the sulfonimide salt is shown by the following general formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 represents a linear, branched, or cyclic alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms optionally having an aromatic group, an ether group, or an ester group, or an arylene group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms; Rf represents a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and containing at least one fluorine atom; M.sup.+ is an ion selected from a lithium ion, a sodium ion, a potassium ion, and a silver ion. This can form a living body contact layer for a bio-electrode that is excellent in electric conductivity and biocompatibility, light-weight, manufacturable at low cost, and free from large lowering of the electric conductivity even though it is wetted with water or dried.

This invention provides resin formulations which may be used for 3D printing and pyrolyzing to produce a ceramic matrix composite. The resin formulations contain a solid-phase filler, to provide high thermal stability and mechanical strength (e.g., fracture toughness) in the final ceramic material. The invention provides direct, free-form 3D printing of a preceramic polymer loaded with a solid-phase filler, followed by converting the preceramic polymer to a 3D-printed ceramic matrix composite with potentially complex 3D shapes or in the form of large parts. Other variations provide active solid-phase functional additives as solid-phase fillers, to perform or enhance at least one chemical, physical, mechanical, or electrical function within the ceramic structure as it is being formed as well as in the final structure. Solid-phase functional additives actively improve the final ceramic structure through one or more changes actively induced by the additives during pyrolysis or other thermal treatment.

An aqueous composition including: a) at least one epoxy silane containing at least one epoxy group and at least one hydrolysable group bound to Si, b) at least one non-ionic wetting agent and either c1) between 0.2 and 2 wt. % of at least one mercapto silane containing at least one mercapto group and at least one hydrolysable group bound to Si, and as many water-soluble acids as required for the pH of resulting composition to be between 1 and 6, on the condition that epoxy silane content amounts to between 0.2 and 1 wt. %, or c2) between 0.1 and 1 wt. % of a water-soluble organotitanate, in relation to entire weight of aqueous composition, and as many water-soluble bases as required for the pH of resulting composition to be between 8 and 14, on the condition that the epoxy silane content amounts to between 0.2 and 0.5 wt. %.

An aqueous composition including: a) at least one epoxy silane containing at least one epoxy group and at least one hydrolysable group bound to Si, b) at least one non-ionic wetting agent and either c1) between 0.2 and 2 wt. % of at least one mercapto silane containing at least one mercapto group and at least one hydrolysable group bound to Si, and as many water-soluble acids as required for the pH of resulting composition to be between 1 and 6, on the condition that epoxy silane content amounts to between 0.2 and 1 wt. %, or c2) between 0.1 and 1 wt. % of a water-soluble organotitanate, in relation to entire weight of aqueous composition, and as many water-soluble bases as required for the pH of resulting composition to be between 8 and 14, on the condition that the epoxy silane content amounts to between 0.2 and 0.5 wt. %.