The present specification relates to a polymer including a first unit of Chemical Formula 1; a second unit of Chemical Formula 2; and a third unit of Chemical Formula 3 or 4, and an organic solar cell including the same.

A copolymer includes a repeating unit represented by Formula (I); and a repeating unit represented by Formula (II), in Formula (I), R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; R.sup.2 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and having at least one fluorine atom as a substituent, or a group including Si(R.sup.a3)(R.sup.a4)O; L represents a divalent linking group as defined herein; and R.sup.a3 and R.sup.a4 each independently represent an alkyl group as defined herein, in Formula (II), R.sup.10 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 may be linked to each other; and X.sup.1 represents a divalent linking group.

A conductive polymer that can be formed by removing or separating a side chain, or alkyl or aryl side chain from an unmodified polymer by heating or exposure to light (hv).

The present disclosure is directed to methods of making a polymer, including exposing a reaction mixture including a strained cyclic unsaturated monomer and an organic initiator to a stimulus to provide an activated organic initiator, whereby the activated organic initiator is effective to polymerize the strained cyclic unsaturated monomer via a 4-membered carbocyclic intermediate to provide a polymer having constitutional units derived from the strained cyclic unsaturated monomer.

Embodiments in accordance with the present invention encompass compositions encompassing a latent organo-ruthenium compound and a pyridine compound along with one or more monomers which undergo ring open metathesis polymerization (ROMP) when said composition is exposed to suitable actinic radiation to form a substantially transparent film. Surprisingly, the compositions are very stable at ambient conditions to temperatures up to 80 C. for several days and undergo mass polymerization when subject only to actinic radiation. Accordingly, compositions of this invention are useful in various opto-electronic applications, including as 3D printing materials, coatings, encapsulants, fillers, leveling agents, among others.

Embodiments in accordance with the present invention encompass compositions encompassing a latent organo-ruthenium catalyst, an organo-ruthenium compound and a pyridine compound along with one or more monomers which undergo ring open metathesis polymerization (ROMP) when said composition is heated to a temperature from 80 C. to 150 C. or higher to form a substantially transparent film. Alternatively the compositions of this invention also undergo polymerization when subjected to suitable radiation. The monomers employed therein have a range of refractive index from 1.4 to 1.6 and thus these compositions can be tailored to form transparent films of varied refractive indices. The compositions of this invention further comprises inorganic nanoparticles which form transparent films and further increases the refractive indices of the compositions. Accordingly, compositions of this invention are useful in various opto-electronic applications, including as coatings, encapsulants, fillers, leveling agents, among others.

Shape, size and composition are nature's most fundamental design features, enabling highly complex functionalities. Despite recent advances, the independent control of shape, size and chemistry of macromolecules remains a synthetic challenge. Herein reported is a scalable methodology to produce large well-defined macromolecules with programmable shape, size and chemistry that combines reactor engineering principles and controlled polymerizations. Specifically, bottlebrush polymers with conical, ellipsoidal and concave architectures are synthesized using two orthogonal polymerizations. The chemical versatility is highlighted by the synthesis of a compositional asymmetric cone. The strong agreement between predictions and experiments validate the precision that this methodology offers.

A composition of matter including a crosslinked bottlebrush polymer, wherein the crosslinker units in the composition of matter are soluble with the bottlebrush polymer. In one example, the crosslinked bottlebrush polymer is tailored as a single phase (solvent free) elastomer useful in a capacitive pressure sensing device. A novel embodiment of the present invention further includes demonstration of a universal approach to form solvent-free bottlebrush polymer networks by photo-crosslinking mixtures of well-defined bottlebrush precursors and bis-benzophenone-based additives. This method has been proven effective with a wide variety of different side-chain chemistries.

The present invention provides soluble, stable singlet fission (SF) compounds, compositions, materials, methods of their use, and methods for their preparation that provide efficient intramolecular singlet fission (iSF) and multiple excitons. The SF compound may be a dimer, an oligomer, or a polymer of polyoligoacenes, where for example, the compound achieves a triplet yield reaching about 200% per absorbed photon. In this system, SF does not depend on intermolecular inter-actions. Instead, SF is an intrinsic property of the molecule and therefore occurs independent of intermolecular interactions. Singlet fission has the potential to significantly improve the photocurrent in single junction solar cells and thus raise the Shockley-Queisser power conversion efficiency limit from about 33% to about 46% or greater. Quantitative SF yield at room temperature has only been observed in crystalline solids or aggregates of higher acenes.

A charge transporting, liquid crystal photoalignment material comprising a charge transporting moiety connected through covalent chemical bonds to a surface derivatising moiety, and a photoalignment moiety connected through covalent chemical bonds to a surface derivatising moiety.