A polymer comprising: ##STR00001## In this embodiment, R′ and R″, can be independently selected from the group consisting of: a halogen, a substituted alkyl, an unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted aryl, and an unsubstituted aryl. Additionally, X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 can be independently selected from the group consisting of: O, S, Se, N—R, and Si—R—R. Lastly, Ar and Ar′ can be identical or different and can be independently selected from the group consisting of: a substituted aryl, and an unsubstituted aryl.

Gas separation membranes are provided and more particularly, a series of addition-type and ROMP type polynorbornenes with substituents derived from Mizoroki-Heck reactions are provided and have particular utility as gas separation membranes for natural gas upgrading.

A polyaromatic electrolyte for a fuel cell electrode includes a structure represented by Formula 1, wherein in Formula 1, Ar is a neutral unit represented by one of Formula 2A and Formula 2B: ##STR00001##
The fuel cell electrode may include a catalyst suspended in the polyaromatic electrolyte.

A polymer comprising an electron-donating repeat unit of formula (I) and an electron-accepting repeat unit: -(A).sub.n- (I) wherein A in each occurrence is independently a group of formula (II): Y in each occurrence is independently O or S. Z is O, S or NR.sup.3 wherein R.sup.3 is H or a substituent. R.sup.1 in each occurrence is independently H or a substituent. R.sup.2 in each occurrence is independently a substituent, n is at least 2. The polymer may be used as an electron-donating polymer in combination with an electron-accepting material in a bulk heterojunction layer of an organic photodetector.

##STR00001##

A random copolymer comprising the monomer units A and B. In this random copolymer A comprises ##STR00001##
and B comprises ##STR00002##
Additionally, R1 R2, R3 and R4 are side chains independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, ester, ketone and aryl groups. X1 and X2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, ester, ketone, amide and aryl groups.

A composition comprising

##STR00001##

In this composition Ar1 is independently selected from the group consisting of:

##STR00002##

and Ar2 is selected from

##STR00003##

Additionally in this composition, R.sub.1, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.11, and R.sub.12 are independently selected from F, Cl, H, unsubstituted or substituted branched alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and unsubstituted or substituted linear alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms; and the compositional ratio of x/y ranges from about 1/99 to about 99/1, and n ranges from 1 to 1,000,000.

A method of reacting

##STR00001##

with

##STR00002##

to produce

##STR00003##

In this method Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, Br, I, and combinations thereof. Additionally in this method M is selected from the group consisting of H, trialkylstannane, boronate, or ZnX, wherein X is Cl, Br, or I. Furthermore in this method Z is a divalent linking group selected from the group consisting of:

##STR00004##

Lastly, in this method R.sub.1 is selected from: H, unsubstituted or substituted branched alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms or unsubstituted or substituted linear alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms.

The present disclosure relates to a carbazole-based anion exchange material, a preparation method therefor and use thereof, and more particularly, to an anion exchange material used in membranes for water electrolysis, redox flow batteries, fuel cells, carbon dioxide reduction, electrochemical ammonia production and decomposition, electrodialysis (ED), reverse electrodialysis (RED) or capacitive deionization (CDI), a separator comprising the same, a preparation method therefor and use thereof. According to the present disclosure, it is possible to prepare a separation membrane with improved mechanical and chemical stability and durability by remarkably improving the molecular weight together with solubility in solvent by providing the anion exchange material in which all bonds between monomers in the main chain are C—C bonds based on the carbazole-based material with high stability.

Hydrocarbon proton exchange membranes are disclosed that are composed of a material including a hydrophobic main chain, and acidic side chains. The main chain includes a polyaryl structure that is substantially free of ether linkages and also includes a fluoromethyl substituted carbon. The acidic side chains include a hydrocarbon tether terminated by a strongly acidic group, such as a fluoroalkyl sulfonate group. Chemical stability of the material is increased by removing the ether linkages from the main chain. The hydrophobic main chain and substantially hydrophilic side chains create a phase-separated morphology that affords enhanced transport of protons and water across the membrane even at low relative humidity levels. These materials are advantageous as membranes for use in fuel cells, redox flow batteries, water hydrolysis systems, sensors, electrochemical hydrogen compressors, actuators, water purifiers, gas separators, etc.

A terminal functional side chain-substituted diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based terpolymer and a preparation method and use thereof is described herein. The terpolymer has the following structural formula:

##STR00001##

where R.sub.1 is a terminal siloxy-substituted swallow-tailed chain with 22 to 52 carbon atoms in total, and t.sub.1 and t.sub.2 each are an integer of 1 to 18; R.sub.2 is a semifluoroalkyl-substituted swallow-tailed chain with 12 to 60 carbon atoms in total and 10 to 46 fluorine atoms in total, t.sub.3 and t.sub.4 each are an integer of 1 to 16, and t.sub.5 and t.sub.6 each are an integer of 1 to 10; and Ar is any one selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, substituent-containing aryl, and substituent-containing heteroaryl, and m and n each are an integer of 5 to 100.