A novel AB-type copolymer for use in organic photovoltaics. The AB-type copolymer comprises a unit A, where the unit A is ##STR00001##
where R.sub.1 is a carbon chain from about 1 to about 30 units and where Y is selected from CN, F and Cl. The B unit of the AB-type copolymer is selected from is selected from: ##STR00002## ##STR00003##
wherein
X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, and X.sub.4 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, F, CN, alkyl, alkylthiol, alkoxy, ester, ketone, amide and aryl groups.

The present invention relates to a polymer, an organic solar cell comprising the polymer, and a perovskite solar cell comprising the polymer. The polymer according to the present invention has excellent absorption ability for visible light and an energy level suitable for the use as an electron donor compound in a photo-active layer of the organic solar cell, thereby increasing the light conversion efficiency of the organic solar cell. In addition, the polymer according to the present invention has high hole mobility, and is used as a compound for a hole transport layer, and thus can improve efficiency and service life of the perovskite solar cell without an additive.

An example of a bottlebrush polymer has a polymer backbone and a plurality of individual brush moieties bonded to the polymer backbone. The individual brush moieties include a ketone, a hydrophilic segment, and a surface adhesive terminal group. The brush moieties can be functionalized and/or cross-linked.

The present disclosure describes a method of crosslinking fluoroelastomers, or more precisely thermally-crosslinkable fluorine-containing polymers, and to devices such as OTFTs (organic thin film transistors) incorporating such polymers. In some embodiments, a method comprises mixing: a solvent, a thermally crosslinkable fluorine-containing polymer, and one or more organic bases to form a mixed solution. The mixed solution is deposited over a substrate to form a first layer. The first layer is then crosslinked by thermal treatment to form a crosslinked first layer. The polymer is selected from: homopolymers of vinylidene fluoride; and copolymers of vinylidene fluoride with fluorine-containing ethylenic monomers. The one or more organic bases each have a pKa of 10 to 14.

The present specification relates to a polymer including a first unit represented by Chemical Formula 1; a second unit represented by Chemical Formula 2; and a third unit represented by Chemical Formula 3 or 4, and an organic solar cell including the polymer in a photoactive layer.

In an embodiment, a composition is provided that includes an indenofluorene moiety; an alkyl radical, an aryl radical, or a heteroaryl radical chemically bound to the indenofluorene moiety; and an electron donor moiety bound to the indenofluorene moiety. In another embodiment, a device is provided that includes compositions described herein. In another embodiment, a method of forming a donor-acceptor small molecule or a donor-acceptor copolymer is provided that includes forming an indenofluorene moiety; forming an electron donor moiety; and reacting the indenofluorene moiety with the electron donor moiety in a cross-coupling reaction.

Compositions are included comprising heterocyclic organic compounds based on fused thiophene compounds, polymers based on fused thiophene compounds, and methods for making the monomers and polymer along with uses in thin film-based and other devices.

Embodiments may relate to a material to provide electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection in an electrical device. The material may include first and second electrically-conductive carbon allotropes. The material may further include an electrically-conductive polymer that is chemically bonded to the first and second electrically-conductive carbon allotropes such that an electrical signal may pass between the first and second electrically-conductive carbon allotropes. Other embodiments may be described or claimed.

Nanoparticle compositions comprising nanoparticles formed from -conjugated cross-linked polymers are disclosed, together with their methods of manufacture and their applications. Owing to the nature of the cross-links formed therein, the nanoparticle compositions afford a high degree of manufacturing flexibility and control, as well as being amenable to facile purification for the purpose of imaging and electronics applications.

A method of reacting bis(R.sub.1) 5,5-dibromo-3,4-difluoro-[2,2:5,2:5,2-quaterthiophene]-3,3-dicarboxylate and bis(R.sub.2) 5,5-dibromo-3,4-difluoro-[2,2:5,2:5,2-quaterthiophene]-3,3-dicarboxylate to form the polymer:

##STR00001##

In this polymer R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halogen, a substituted alkyl, an unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted aryl, an unsubstituted aryl, a substituted heteroaryl and an unsubstituted heteroaryl.