The present invention provides a cation exchange resin, and a cation exchange membrane and an electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell using the same. The cation exchange resin comprises a divalent hydrophobic unit; and a divalent hydrophilic unit having divalent hydrophilic groups which are repeated via carbon-carbon bond. The divalent hydrophilic groups being composed of one aromatic ring, or being composed of a plurality of aromatic rings which are bonded to each other via a divalent hydrocarbon group, a divalent silicon-containing group, a divalent nitrogen-containing group, a divalent phosphorus-containing group, a divalent oxygen-containing group, a divalent sulfur-containing group, or carbon-carbon bond, and at least one of the aromatic rings having a cation exchange group; wherein the hydrophobic unit and the hydrophilic unit are bonded to each other via carbon-carbon bond.

A method of chemically stripping a surface is described. The method comprises applying a sealant to at least a portion of a surface of an object, the surface comprising a coating and one or more ingression points, the sealant filling the one or more ingression points to form a sealed surface. The method further comprises applying a stripping agent to the sealed surface to remove at least a portion of the coating to form a stripped surface.

The invention relates to polymers having at least one asymmetrical structural unit of the following formula (I): wherein A, B, Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, Ar.sup.3 and Ar.sup.4, n, m, o and p can have the meaning as defined in claim 1, to methods for the production thereof and to the use thereof in electronic or optoelectronic devices, in particular in organic electroluminescent devices, so-called OLEDs (OLED=Organic Light Emitting Diodes). The present invention also relates to organic electroluminescent devices which contain said polymers.

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Provided are a novel organic polymer useful for forming an organic semiconductor and a use of the novel organic polymer. A compound represented by the following formula (Ia) is subjected to a coupling reaction to give an organic polymer:

##STR00001## wherein a ring A and a ring B represent an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or an aromatic heterocyclic ring, n denotes an integer of 0 or 1 to 6, R.sup.1 to R.sup.2+n represent a substituent (such as an alkyl group), a1 to a (2+n) denote an integer of 0 to 2, a ring C represents a benzene ring ortho-fused sequentially and nonlinearly to an adjacent benzene ring depending on the number of n, X represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a lithium atom, or MgX.sup.1 (wherein X.sup.1 represents a halogen atom).

The present invention relates to thiadiazolopyridine polymers, their synthesis and their use. The present invention further relates to organic electronic devices comprising such thiadiazolopyridine polymers.

A compound represented by the following general formula (1) is used as a precursor of a graphene nanoribbon:

##STR00001##

where X's are independent of each other and are leaving groups, R's are independent of one another and are hydrogen atoms, fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms, or 1-12C straight-chain, branched-chain, or cyclic alkyl groups, and each of p, q, r, and s is an integer in the range of 0 to 5.

The invention relates to polymers having at least one repeating unit of the following formula (I): wherein Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, Ar.sup.3 and Ar.sup.4, R and X, and a, b, c, d, e and f can have the meanings defined in claim 1, to processes for the preparation thereof and to the use thereof in electronic or optoelectronic devices, in particular in organic electroluminescent devices, so-called OLEDs (OLED?Organic Light Emitting Diodes). The present invention also relates to electronic or optoelectronic devices, in particular organic electroluminescent devices, which contain said polymers.

Provided are an anion exchange resin being capable of producing an electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell, a binder for forming an electrode catalyst layer and a fuel cell electrode catalyst layer, which have an improved physical property (anion conductivity); a method for producing thereof; an electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell, a binder for forming an electrode catalyst layer and a fuel cell electrode catalyst layer produced from the anion exchange resin; and a fuel cell having the electrolyte membrane or the electrode catalyst layer.

For example, the anion exchange resin is obtained by reacting a hydrophobic monomer with an aminoalkyl group-containing monomer, in which the hydrophobic monomer is composed of one aromatic ring or a plurality of aromatic rings to which two halogen atoms are bonded, and the aminoalkyl group-containing monomer is composed of one aromatic ring or a plurality of aromatic rings to which two halogen atoms are bonded and an aminoalkyl group is introduced; and by quaternizing the amino group. In the anion exchange resin, a divalent hydrophobic group formed by the residue of the hydrophobic monomer, and a divalent hydrophilic group formed by the residue of the quaternized aminoalkyl group-containing monomer are bonded via direct bond.

The present invention relates to a phenyl-derivative compound substituted with at least two electron acceptors and at least two electron donors. Formula (I) R.sup.AaR.sup.DbR.sup.ScC.sub.6 wherein a is 2, 3 or 4; b is 2, 3 or 4; c is 0, 1 or 2; a+b?c=6; R.sup.A is at each occurrence independently a group with ?M-effect; R.sup.B is at each occurrence independently a group with +?M-effect; R.sup.S is as defined in claim 1. Said compound is suited for use in organic electronic devices, particularly in organic electroluminescent devices.

A cation exchange resin having improved chemical properties and mechanical properties, and a cation exchange membrane and an electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell using the same are provided.

A cation exchange resin is used, the cation exchange resin comprising: a divalent hydrophobic unit; and a divalent hydrophilic unit having divalent hydrophilic groups which are repeated via carbon-carbon bond, the divalent hydrophilic groups being composed of one aromatic ring, or being composed of a plurality of aromatic rings which are bonded to each other via a divalent hydrocarbon group, a divalent silicon-containing group, a divalent nitrogen-containing group, a divalent phosphorus-containing group, a divalent oxygen-containing group, a divalent sulfur-containing group, or carbon-carbon bond, at least one of the aromatic rings having a cation exchange group; wherein the hydrophobic unit and the hydrophilic unit are bonded to each other via carbon-carbon bond.