Disclosed herein are polymer embodiments comprising nanohoop-containing polymer backbones and methods of making and using the same. The disclosed polymer embodiments exhibit unique radial and linear conjugation and can be used in a variety of devices, such as electronic and/or optoelectronic devices.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a repeat unit defined by

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where each of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, and R.sub.8 includes at least one of a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, and/or a first hydrocarbon chain having between 1 and 20 carbon atoms, inclusively, where each of A.sub.1, A.sub.2, A.sub.3 and A.sub.4 are either a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, when A.sub.1 is a nitrogen atom, A.sub.2 is a carbon atom, when A.sub.2 is a nitrogen atom, A.sub.1 is a carbon atom, when A.sub.3 is a nitrogen atom, A.sub.4 is a carbon atom, when A.sub.4 is a nitrogen atom, A.sub.3 is a carbon atom, either A.sub.1 or A.sub.2 form a covalent bond, x, with a carbon atom, a, either A.sub.3 or A.sub.4 form a covalent bond, y, with a carbon atom, b, L is a linker group that includes an aromatic ring, and n is between 1 and 20, inclusively.

Disclosed herein is a porous polymeric material having a repeating unit according to Formula (I) or (IV), wherein each of A and E has a -conjugated system and each of X and G contain a flexible tetraphenylethylene (TPE) group. Also disclosed herein are fluorescent chemical sensors or biosensors or environmental monitoring assay or nanosheets or a composite material comprising the polymer, and a method of detecting a volatile organic chemical or a metal ion in solution phase.

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An organic photovoltaic device includes an anode and a cathode. The organic photovoltaic device includes an active layer between the anode and the cathode. The active layer includes a p-type material. The p-type material includes a donor-acceptor (DA) polymer. An acceptor unit of the DA polymer includes a functionalized pyranopyran-dione compound or a functionalized naphthyridine-dione compound.

The invention relates to polymers having at least one repeating unit of the following formula (I): wherein Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, Ar.sup.3 and Ar.sup.4, R and X, and a, b, c, d, e and f can have the meanings defined in claim 1, to processes for the preparation thereof and to the use thereof in electronic or optoelectronic devices, in particular in organic electroluminescent devices, so-called OLEDs (OLED?Organic Light Emitting Diodes). The present invention also relates to electronic or optoelectronic devices, in particular organic electroluminescent devices, which contain said polymers.

An organic photovoltaic device includes an anode and a cathode. The organic photovoltaic device includes an active layer between the anode and the cathode. The active layer includes a p-type material. The p-type material includes a donor-acceptor (DA) polymer. An acceptor unit of the DA polymer includes a functionalized pyranopyran-dione compound or a functionalized naphthyridine-dione compound.

An organic photovoltaic device includes an anode and a cathode. The organic photovoltaic device includes an active layer between the anode and the cathode. The active layer includes a p-type material. The p-type material includes a donor-acceptor (DA) polymer. An acceptor unit of the DA polymer includes a functionalized pyranopyran-dione compound or a functionalized naphthyridine-dione compound.

An organic photovoltaic device includes an anode and a cathode. The organic photovoltaic device includes an active layer between the anode and the cathode. The active layer includes a p-type material. The p-type material includes a donor-acceptor (DA) polymer. An acceptor unit of the DA polymer includes a functionalized pyranopyran-dione compound or a functionalized naphthyridine-dione compound.

Provided are an anion exchange resin being capable of producing an electrolyte membrane, a binder for forming an electrode catalyst layer, and a battery electrode catalyst layer, which has excellent electrical properties (anion conductivity) and chemical properties (gas permeability and water uptake property), an electrolyte membrane and a binder for forming an electrode catalyst layer formed from the anion exchange resin, and a battery electrode catalyst layer formed from the binder for forming an electrode catalyst layer.

For example, used is an anion exchange resin in which a hydrophobic unit being composed of divalent hydrophobic groups including a bisphenol residue having an alicyclic structure, which are repeated via carbon-carbon bond, a hydrophobic unit being composed of hydrophobic groups of a plurality of aromatic rings bonded to each other via a divalent fluorine-containing hydrocarbon group, which are repeated via carbon-carbon bond, and a hydrophilic unit having a fluorene ring bonded to an anion exchange group-containing group are bonded via carbon-carbon bond.