The present invention provides a cation exchange resin, and a cation exchange membrane and an electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell using the same. The cation exchange resin comprises a divalent hydrophobic unit; and a divalent hydrophilic unit having divalent hydrophilic groups which are repeated via carbon-carbon bond. The divalent hydrophilic groups being composed of one aromatic ring, or being composed of a plurality of aromatic rings which are bonded to each other via a divalent hydrocarbon group, a divalent silicon-containing group, a divalent nitrogen-containing group, a divalent phosphorus-containing group, a divalent oxygen-containing group, a divalent sulfur-containing group, or carbon-carbon bond, and at least one of the aromatic rings having a cation exchange group; wherein the hydrophobic unit and the hydrophilic unit are bonded to each other via carbon-carbon bond.

A capacitor that is capable of exhibiting good properties under humid conditions is provided. The ability to perform under such conditions is due in part to selective control over the particular nature of the solid electrolyte and cathode coating that overlies the solid electrolyte. For example, the solid electrolyte contains pre-polymerized conductive polymer particles, which can help act as a blocking layer for any silver ions migrating through the capacitor. Likewise, the cathode coating also contains conductive metal particles (e.g., silver particles) that are dispersed within a resinous matrix. The resinous matrix includes a polymer that absorbs only a small amount of water, if any, when placed in a humid atmosphere.

Hydroxide-exchange membranes (HEMs) and hydroxide-exchange ionomers (HEIs) are provided which include polymers with oxidation resistant groups. The attachment of the oxidation resistant groups to the polymer backbone allows fine-tuning of the mechanical properties of the membrane and incorporation of alkaline stable cations, such as imidazoliums, phosphoniums and ammoniums, and provides enhanced stability to the polymer. HEMs/HEIs formed from these polymers exhibit superior chemical stability, anion conductivity, decreased water uptake, good solubility in selected solvents, and improved mechanical properties in an ambient dry state as compared to conventional HEM/HEIs. The HEMs exhibit enhanced stability in a highly oxidative environment.

Described herein are anionic phenylene oligomers and polymers, and devices including these materials. The oligomers and polymers can be prepared in a convenient and well-controlled manner, and can be used in cation exchange membranes. Also described is the controlled synthesis of anionic phenylene monomers and their use in synthesizing anionic oligomers and polymers, with precise control of the position and number of anionic groups.

Polymers containing at least one unit of formula ##STR00001##
wherein X.sup.1, X.sup.2 and X.sup.3 are independently from each other O, S or NR.sup.1, a process for their preparation, intermediates and electronic devices containing these polymers as semiconducting material.

Embodiments of the invention relate to a novel class of polymers with superior mechanical properties and chemical stability, as compared to known polymers. These polymers are particularly well suited for use in anion exchange membranes (AEMs), including those employed in fuel cells. Novel methods for the manufacture of these polymers are also described.

Hydrocarbonbackbone polymers with pendant quaternary ammonium groups and methods of making and using same. A polymer can be made by a ring-opening polymerization of quaternary ammonium bearing monomer(s), and, optionally, non-quaternary ammonium bearing monomer(s). A film including a polymer can be used as an anion exchange membrane in a device, such as, for example, a battery, a fuel cell, or the like.

An ion conducting and electron conducting polymer is comprised of a first polymer of a single-sulfonic acid polymer or a multi-sulfonic acid polymer and a second polymer of an EDOT analog monomer having the following formula: ##STR00001##
wherein z=O or S; ##STR00002##
Y.sub.2=COH, C.sub.6H.sub.13, or COOH; a=0 or 1; Y.sub.3=CH.sub.3, C.sub.2H.sub.5, CH.sub.2C.sub.6H.sub.6, C.sub.6H.sub.13, C.sub.8H.sub.17, CH.sub.2OC.sub.6H.sub.13, or CH.sub.2OC.sub.6H.sub.6; and b=0 or 1; wherein a sulfonic acid group of each branch of the first polymer electronically interacts with one or more thiophene rings of the second polymer; and wherein any remaining sulfonic acid groups on each branch of the first polymer are converted to SO.sub.3Li.

The present invention relates to anionic exchange polymers including a poly(phenylene) structure. The structure can include any useful cationic moiety. Methods and uses of such structures and polymers are also described herein. In one instance, such polymers are employed to form a solid membrane.

Provided are: an organic electronic multi-sensor wherein an ionic electrolyte and an organic semiconductor polymer are fused to form a double layer and have a mesh shape; and a method for producing same. The organic electronic multi-sensor provides different, complementary ion and charge transfer pathways depending on the volume ratio of the ionic electrolyte and thus is capable of distinguishing the electrical resistance properties of volatile organic compounds having a wide range of polarities. In addition, the organic electronic multi-sensor senses light of respective wavelengths on the basis of optical signals, converts temperatures to electrical signals according to thermal signals, and thus can sense each environment change.