The present invention is composition comprising water, a pigment, and a compound of Formula I:

##STR00001##

wherein R, R.sup.1, x, and y are as defined herein.

The present invention addresses a need in the art by providing an aqueous inorganic pigment solution or dispersion that does require biocide to resist promotion of microbial growth.

Systems and methods of making carbon particles with thermal transfer gas. A method of making carbon particles may comprise heating a thermal transfer gas by Joule heating and contacting the thermal transfer gas with a reactive hydrocarbon feedstock gas to generate the carbon particles and hydrogen gas. A method of making carbon particles may comprise heating a thermal transfer gas with the aid of Joule heating and mixing the thermal transfer gas with a hydrocarbon feedstock gas to generate the carbon particles.

Carbon black in which an oil absorption amount is 150 mL/100 g or more and 400 mL/100 g or less and an iron content that is measured by induced coupled plasma-mass spectrometry is 500 ppb or less.

Carbon black in which an oil absorption amount is 150 mL/100 g or more and 400 mL/100 g or less and an iron content that is measured by induced coupled plasma-mass spectrometry is 500 ppb or less.

Carbon black in which an oil absorption amount is 150 mL/100 g or more and 400 mL/100 g or less and a cobalt content that is measured by induced coupled plasma-mass spectrometry is 20 ppb or less.

Carbon black in which an oil absorption amount is 150 mL/100 g or more and 400 mL/100 g or less and a cobalt content that is measured by induced coupled plasma-mass spectrometry is 20 ppb or less.

Carbon black in which an oil absorption amount is 150 mL/100 g or more and 400 mL/100 g or less and a nickel content that is measured by induced coupled plasma-mass spectrometry is 50 ppb or less.

Carbon black in which an oil absorption amount is 150 mL/100 g or more and 400 mL/100 g or less and a nickel content that is measured by induced coupled plasma-mass spectrometry is 50 ppb or less.

Non-ASTM low hysteresis carbon blacks chemically treated, and surface coated with a compound comprising at least one amine group and at least one thiol group, and/or di- and/or polysulfidic linkage. When compared with a standard ASTM grade compound, the disclosed surface modified low hysteresis carbon black compound shows improved rolling resistance, wet traction, and DIN abrasion, comparable to silica compounds.

Non-ASTM low hysteresis carbon blacks chemically treated, and surface coated with a compound comprising at least one amine group and at least one thiol group, and/or di- and/or polysulfidic linkage. When compared with a standard ASTM grade compound, the disclosed surface modified low hysteresis carbon black compound shows improved rolling resistance, wet traction, and DIN abrasion, comparable to silica compounds.