A composition of a surface modified non-oxidized non-low hysteresis carbon blacks is disclosed. Chemical modification of low hysteresis carbon black has been demonstrated in earlier work. All of the work is constrained by the selection of specific grades of carbon black and the applicability of the technology has not been fully explored. The surface of non-low hysteresis carbon blacks including the ASTM defined carbon blacks modified with a compound comprising at least one amine group and at least one thiol group, and/or di- and/or polysulfidic linkage. This work further demonstrates the applicability of the technology to additional carbon black grades and by inference, to all grades of carbon black used in tire and industrial rubber products. Benefits are lower hysteresis with no loss in abrasion resistance.

A lithium battery including a cathode, an anode, a liquid-impermeable ion-conductive membrane between the cathode and the anode, and an interlayer including a metal-carbon composite between the anode and the liquid-impermeable ion-conductive membrane, wherein the metal-carbon composite includes a carbonaceous material, a metal chemically bonded to the carbonaceous material, and a metal sulfide, a metal fluoride, or a combination thereof chemically bonded to the carbonaceous material.

A lithium battery including a cathode, an anode, a liquid-impermeable ion-conductive membrane between the cathode and the anode, and an interlayer including a metal-carbon composite between the anode and the liquid-impermeable ion-conductive membrane, wherein the metal-carbon composite includes a carbonaceous material, a metal chemically bonded to the carbonaceous material, and a metal sulfide, a metal fluoride, or a combination thereof chemically bonded to the carbonaceous material.

Recovered carbon black (rCB) comprising carbon black, inorganic ash and carbon-based residues resulting from the decomposition of pneumatic rubbers and/or elastomer residues, characterized in that said content of carbon-based residues, determined with respect to the percentage of area of the C.sub.1 peak measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, is less than or equal to 1% of said area of the C.sub.1 peak, said percentage of area of the C.sub.1 peak being calculated with respect to the total area of the C.sub.0 to C.sub.5 peaks.

Recovered carbon black (rCB) comprising carbon black, inorganic ash and carbon-based residues resulting from the decomposition of pneumatic rubbers and/or elastomer residues, characterized in that said content of carbon-based residues, determined with respect to the percentage of area of the C.sub.1 peak measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, is less than or equal to 1% of said area of the C.sub.1 peak, said percentage of area of the C.sub.1 peak being calculated with respect to the total area of the C.sub.0 to C.sub.5 peaks.

A carbon black is provided. The carbon black is produced through heat treatment of recycled carbon black. Since the carbon black is made from recycled carbon black, it is a kind of environmentally friendly carbon black.

The present disclosure pertains to a composite material that includes a biochar and metal particles embedded with the biochar. The biochar may include an acid-treated and pyrolyzed biochar derived from organic feedstock. The metal particles may include silver nanoparticles. The present disclosure also pertains to methods of purifying a liquid by applying the liquid to a composite material of the present disclosure such that the composite material retains impurities from the liquid. The present disclosure also pertains to methods of forming the composite materials.

The present disclosure pertains to a composite material that includes a biochar and metal particles embedded with the biochar. The biochar may include an acid-treated and pyrolyzed biochar derived from organic feedstock. The metal particles may include silver nanoparticles. The present disclosure also pertains to methods of purifying a liquid by applying the liquid to a composite material of the present disclosure such that the composite material retains impurities from the liquid. The present disclosure also pertains to methods of forming the composite materials.

A modified recycled carbon black having a N.sub.2SA of 50 m.sup.2/g or more and 250 m.sup.2/g or less, and having, in a Raman spectrum obtained by performing measurement at an excitation wavelength of 532 nm by laser Raman spectroscopy, a peak intensity of a peak having a peak top in a range of 1,58020 cm.sup.1, with the peak intensity of a peak having a peak top in a range of 1,35020 cm.sup.1 being 100, of 84 or more and 111 or less. The present invention can provide a recycled carbon black having strong bonding with rubber components and having high reinforcing properties for rubber products.

A method of fabricating a biochar composite product comprises thermally treating a precursor composition by heating the precursor composition according to a heating profile to provide a biochar composite product, the precursor composition comprising biochar and a natural binder other than lignin, wherein the natural binder forms a solid, porous, covalently bound carbon matrix at or above a threshold temperature, wherein the biochar composite product comprises a plurality of porous, carbonaceous particles and the solid, porous, covalently bound carbon matrix on surfaces of particles in the plurality such that neighboring particles are adhered together. The biochar composite products and methods of using the products are also provided.