The invention relates to the field of polymers, in particular to polymer systems based on polyurethane (PU) having abroad spectrum biocidal activity and the use thereof in the manufacture of biocidal products. Provided is a process to provide a biocidal polyurethane-iodin e (PU-I) complex, comprising (i) dissolving at least one iodine source into one or more raw materials used for preparing the desired polyurethane (PU) to obtain a single phase iodine system, followed by (ii) conducting a PU polymerization reaction in the presence of the single phase iodine system to generate a biocidal PU-I complex in situ.

The present invention provides a composition for substrate surface modification and a method using the same, and the composition for substrate surface modification is composed of a compound of the general formula structure shown in formula 1: ##STR00001## formula 1, wherein n.sub.1 is an integer of 1 to 6, and R is a zwitterionic group. The composition for substrate surface modification uses water as a medium to perform modifying reaction over a substrate surface, and at the same time has biological modification characteristics, and abilities of immobilizing biomolecules and anti-biofouling.

The present invention provides antifouling coating compositions having excellent long-term storage stability and provides an antifouling coating composition that can maintain the stable dissolution and antifouling performance of a coating film without causing coating film defects such as cracks in seawater for a long term, such that an antifouling coating film having increased environmental safety can be formed. The present invention provides an antifouling coating composition containing: (A) a triorganosilyl ester-containing copolymer obtained from a mixture of (a) a triorganosilyl (meth)acrylate monomer represented by general formula (1):

##STR00001##

(here, R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; and R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are the same or different from each other and each represents a C.sub.3-6 alkyl group branched at the α-position or a phenyl group) and (b) an ethylenically unsaturated monomer copolymerizable with the triorganosilyl (meth)acrylate monomer; and (B) calcium sulfate hydrate.

Methods of protecting a surface include applying an inner polymer layer onto a surface. The inner polymer layer is impregnated with a biologically active chemical substance that protects the surface from biofouling-induced chemical, biological, and bio-proliferative damage. The inner polymer layer is an epoxy polymer. An outer polymer layer is applied onto the inner polymer layer. The outer polymer layer is impregnated with a biologically active chemical substance that protects the inner polymer layer from biofouling-induced chemical, biological, and bio-proliferative damage. The outer polymer layer is selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes and fluorourethanes.

An object of the present invention is to provide an antifouling coating composition capable of forming an antifouling coating film that retains a high antifouling performance for a prolonged period of time and has an excellent damage resistance. Another object of the present invention is to provide an antifouling coating film formed with the antifouling coating composition, a substrate with an antifouling coating film and a method for producing the same, and an antifouling method using the antifouling coating film. The antifouling coating composition of the present invention contains a hydrolyzable polymer (A) containing a metal ester group, zinc oxide (B), and medetomidine (C), and has a content of the zinc oxide (B) in a solid content of the antifouling composition of 27 to 60% by mass.

A method of manufacturing a fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane. The method for manufacture includes opening a single edge of a closed-cage F-POSS and bridging the opened, single edge with a sulfate group. The sulfate group is converted to a disilanol, which is then reacted with a functional dichlorosilane having an organic functional group comprising at least three carbon atoms.

An antifouling coating composition including a copolymer including two or more moieties represented by Chemical Formula 1, and a linking group between the two or more moieties, a method of preparing the copolymer, and an antifouling film produced from the antifouling coating composition.

##STR00001##

In Chemical Formula 1, the definitions of Ar, A, B, C, D, and m are as described in the specification.

A hydroxyl-covered silicon quantum dot nanoparticle having a silicon core, a plurality of silicon quantum dots, and a plurality of hydrocarbon chains is illustrated. A first portion of a surface associated with the silicon core is passivated by a plurality of silicon hydroxyl groups (Si—OH). The silicon quantum dots are attached to a second portion of the surface associated with the silicon core. The hydrocarbon chains are bonded to each of the silicon quantum dots through a plurality of silicon carbide bonds (Si—C), wherein each termination of the hydrocarbon chains has a carbon hydroxyl group (C—OH), such that the hydroxyl-covered silicon quantum dot nanoparticle is thoroughly covered by the carbon hydroxyl groups (C—OH) and the silicon hydroxyl groups (Si—OH).

Methods of preparing surfaces of sample wells are provided. In some aspects, methods of preparing a sample well surface involve contacting the sample well with a block copolymer to form an antifouling overlay over a metal oxide surface of the sample well. In some aspects, methods of passivating and/or selectively functionalizing a sample well surface are provided.

The invention provides a water- and oil-repelling member having a primer layer as a first layer on at least one surface of a base material and further having a water- and oil-repelling layer as a second layer on the outer surface of the primer layer. The primer layer comprises a layer containing nano-diamonds and having a film thickness of 0.5 to 500 nm, the main component being an organic silicon compound having a plurality of silanol groups within a molecule. The water- and oil-repelling layer comprises a layer having a film thickness of 0.5 to 30 nm, the main component being a cured product of a hydrolysable fluorine-containing compound. The water- and oil-repelling member can stably and simply impart a water- and oil-repelling coat having excellent abrasion resistance to various base materials. In addition, the primer layer and the water- and oil-repelling layer can be coated even in a room-temperature (25° C.) process.