A resin composition for an aqueous ink includes a base resin, an aqueous dispersion medium, and an emulsifier. The base resin includes a rosin-modified alkyd resin. The emulsifier includes an anionic emulsifier and a nonionic emulsifier. The anionic emulsifier includes an oxyalkylene-containing anionic emulsifier. An HLB value of the nonionic emulsifier is 16.0 or more and 20.0 or less.

A three-dimensional printing kit can include a polymeric build material and a fusing agent. The polymeric build material can include polymer particles having a D50 particle size from about 2 .Math.m to about 150 .Math.m. The fusing agent can include an aqueous liquid vehicle including water and an organic co-solvent, a radiation absorber to generate heat from absorbed electromagnetic radiation, and from about 5 wt% to about 20 wt% flame retardant including dicyandiamide.

A three-dimensional printing kit can include a polymeric build material and a fusing agent. The polymeric build material can include polymer particles having a D50 particle size from about 2 .Math.m to about 150 .Math.m. The fusing agent can include an aqueous liquid vehicle including water and an organic co-solvent, a radiation absorber to generate heat from absorbed electromagnetic radiation, and from about 5 wt% to about 20 wt% flame retardant including dicyandiamide.

A method for measuring the radiant exposure of energy curable inks or coatings on a printing press. The steps for measuring comprise: a) providing an ink or coating material comprising a fluorescent probe; b) transferring the ink or coating material onto a substrate using a printing process; c) exposing the ink or coating material to actinic radiation capable of initiating cure of the ink or coating material that also alters the luminescence of the probe; d) exposing the ink or coating to a first source of excitation light with wavelength and luminance capable of absorption by the fluorescent probe; and e) measuring the emitted light from the fluorescent probe by a first detector.

A method for measuring the radiant exposure of energy curable inks or coatings on a printing press. The steps for measuring comprise: a) providing an ink or coating material comprising a fluorescent probe; b) transferring the ink or coating material onto a substrate using a printing process; c) exposing the ink or coating material to actinic radiation capable of initiating cure of the ink or coating material that also alters the luminescence of the probe; d) exposing the ink or coating to a first source of excitation light with wavelength and luminance capable of absorption by the fluorescent probe; and e) measuring the emitted light from the fluorescent probe by a first detector.

Water-based formulations comprising an indicating composition dispersed in water are described. The water-based indicating compositions include an organic Bi(III) compound, a sulfur source, a carbonate salt, and strontium hydroxide. Formulations further including a resin and/or an acidic additive are also described.

Water-based formulations comprising an indicating composition dispersed in water are described. The water-based indicating compositions include an organic Bi(III) compound, a sulfur source, a carbonate salt, and strontium hydroxide. Formulations further including a resin and/or an acidic additive are also described.

Solvent-based pigmented ceramic inkjet ink compositions including a solvent blend consisting predominantly of one or more hydrophobic solvent(s) (preferably one or more hydrophobic long chain hydrocarbon solvent(s)) are capable of achieving superior print quality when applied over unfired glazes by the inclusion of less than 10% by weight of the composition of a water-soluble solvent, especially glycol ethers. These ink compositions are particularly suited to ceramic tile decoration via the double fast firing process, with resulting improvements in absorption, color strength and print definition.

Solvent-based pigmented ceramic inkjet ink compositions including a solvent blend consisting predominantly of one or more hydrophobic solvent(s) (preferably one or more hydrophobic long chain hydrocarbon solvent(s)) are capable of achieving superior print quality when applied over unfired glazes by the inclusion of less than 10% by weight of the composition of a water-soluble solvent, especially glycol ethers. These ink compositions are particularly suited to ceramic tile decoration via the double fast firing process, with resulting improvements in absorption, color strength and print definition.

The present invention is directed to a nanoporous cerium oxide nanoparticle (NCeONP) macro-structure containing a plurality of the cerium oxide nanoparticles which define a plurality of macro-structure pores. The NCeONP macro structure may be used to improve pigment and/or dye performance.