An ink jet ink composition includes a color material having a ligand; an inorganic compound; and a pH adjuster, and the color material forms a complex with the inorganic compound by the ligand.

An ink jet ink composition includes a color material having a ligand; an inorganic compound; and a pH adjuster, and the color material forms a complex with the inorganic compound by the ligand.

This invention provides resin formulations which may be used for 3D printing and pyrolyzing to produce a ceramic matrix composite. The resin formulations contain a solid-phase filler, to provide high thermal stability and mechanical strength (e.g., fracture toughness) in the final ceramic material. The invention provides direct, free-form 3D printing of a preceramic polymer loaded with a solid-phase filler, followed by converting the preceramic polymer to a 3D-printed ceramic matrix composite with potentially complex 3D shapes or in the form of large parts. Other variations provide active solid-phase functional additives as solid-phase fillers, to perform or enhance at least one chemical, physical, mechanical, or electrical function within the ceramic structure as it is being formed as well as in the final structure. Solid-phase functional additives actively improve the final ceramic structure through one or more changes actively induced by the additives during pyrolysis or other thermal treatment.

This invention provides resin formulations which may be used for 3D printing and pyrolyzing to produce a ceramic matrix composite. The resin formulations contain a solid-phase filler, to provide high thermal stability and mechanical strength (e.g., fracture toughness) in the final ceramic material. The invention provides direct, free-form 3D printing of a preceramic polymer loaded with a solid-phase filler, followed by converting the preceramic polymer to a 3D-printed ceramic matrix composite with potentially complex 3D shapes or in the form of large parts. Other variations provide active solid-phase functional additives as solid-phase fillers, to perform or enhance at least one chemical, physical, mechanical, or electrical function within the ceramic structure as it is being formed as well as in the final structure. Solid-phase functional additives actively improve the final ceramic structure through one or more changes actively induced by the additives during pyrolysis or other thermal treatment.

This disclosure describes hydrogel three-dimensional printing kits, methods of three-dimensional printing hydrogels, and hydrogel three-dimensional printing systems. In one example, a hydrogel three-dimensional printing kit can include a particulate build material, a crosslinking agent, a whitening agent, and a coloring agent. The particulate build material can include a polyhydroxylated swellable polymer. The crosslinking agent can include water and a crosslinker that is reactive with hydroxyl groups of the polyhydroxylated swellable polymer to crosslink the polyhydroxylated swellable polymer. The whitening agent can include water and a dispersed white pigment. The coloring agent can include water and a colorant.

This disclosure describes hydrogel three-dimensional printing kits, methods of three-dimensional printing hydrogels, and hydrogel three-dimensional printing systems. In one example, a hydrogel three-dimensional printing kit can include a particulate build material, a crosslinking agent, a whitening agent, and a coloring agent. The particulate build material can include a polyhydroxylated swellable polymer. The crosslinking agent can include water and a crosslinker that is reactive with hydroxyl groups of the polyhydroxylated swellable polymer to crosslink the polyhydroxylated swellable polymer. The whitening agent can include water and a dispersed white pigment. The coloring agent can include water and a colorant.

The conductive composition of the present embodiment contains metal nanoparticles having an average particle diameter of 30 nm to 600 nm, metal particles having an average particle diameter larger than that of the metal nanoparticles, a thermosetting resin having an oxirane ring in a molecule, a curing agent, and a cellulose resin. Then, the specific resistance of the conductor formed by applying and calcining the conductive composition on the substrate is preferably 5.0×10.sup.−6 Ω.Math.cm or less, and the conductor does not peel from the substrate when a tape having an adhesive force of 3.9 N/10 mm to 39 N/10 mm is pressed against the conductor and peeled off.

The conductive composition of the present embodiment contains metal nanoparticles having an average particle diameter of 30 nm to 600 nm, metal particles having an average particle diameter larger than that of the metal nanoparticles, a thermosetting resin having an oxirane ring in a molecule, a curing agent, and a cellulose resin. Then, the specific resistance of the conductor formed by applying and calcining the conductive composition on the substrate is preferably 5.0×10.sup.−6 Ω.Math.cm or less, and the conductor does not peel from the substrate when a tape having an adhesive force of 3.9 N/10 mm to 39 N/10 mm is pressed against the conductor and peeled off.

A cleaning liquid contains water, a surfactant, and glycol ether. The surfactant includes both a silicone surfactant and a betaine surfactant. The glycol ether has a percentage content of at least 5.0% by mass and no greater than 15.0% by mass relative to the mass of the cleaning liquid. The cleaning liquid has a viscosity at 25° C. of 10.0 mPa.Math.s.

A cleaning liquid contains water, a surfactant, and glycol ether. The surfactant includes both a silicone surfactant and a betaine surfactant. The glycol ether has a percentage content of at least 5.0% by mass and no greater than 15.0% by mass relative to the mass of the cleaning liquid. The cleaning liquid has a viscosity at 25° C. of 10.0 mPa.Math.s.