Polyurethanes containing at least one bisphosphonate group, as well as related compositions, articles, and methods, are disclosed.

Examples provide inkjet ink sets and related methods. An ink set may include a pre-treatment fixing fluid, an ink, and a post-treatment fluid including a wax and a binder present in the post-treatment fluid in a range of about 10 weight percent to about 30 weight percent.

Examples provide inkjet ink sets and related methods. An ink set may include a pre-treatment fixing fluid, an ink, and a post-treatment fluid including a wax and a binder present in the post-treatment fluid in a range of about 10 weight percent to about 30 weight percent.

A nonaqueous inkjet printing method that can provide prints with both high printing density and good gradation is provided. The nonaqueous inkjet printing method comprises printing an image by an inkjet recording system using a first nonaqueous ink comprising at least a coloring pigment, a water-soluble resin having an amino group, and a nonaqueous solvent, and then printing an image so as to overlap with the preceding image by an inkjet recording system using a second nonaqueous ink, wherein the second nonaqueous ink comprises at least a coloring pigment, inorganic particles, and a nonaqueous solvent, and the content of the coloring pigment in the second nonaqueous ink is lower than the content of the coloring pigment in the first nonaqueous ink. The first nonaqueous ink is preferably printed at a higher resolution of printing than the second nonaqueous ink.

A nonaqueous inkjet printing method that can provide prints with both high printing density and good gradation is provided. The nonaqueous inkjet printing method comprises printing an image by an inkjet recording system using a first nonaqueous ink comprising at least a coloring pigment, a water-soluble resin having an amino group, and a nonaqueous solvent, and then printing an image so as to overlap with the preceding image by an inkjet recording system using a second nonaqueous ink, wherein the second nonaqueous ink comprises at least a coloring pigment, inorganic particles, and a nonaqueous solvent, and the content of the coloring pigment in the second nonaqueous ink is lower than the content of the coloring pigment in the first nonaqueous ink. The first nonaqueous ink is preferably printed at a higher resolution of printing than the second nonaqueous ink.

A method for manufacturing an electromagnetic shielding film of reduced thickness and a simplified manufacturing process includes forming a conductive ink layer by inkjet printing, on a component to be shielded, forming an insulative ink layer on the conductive ink layer by inkjet printing, and sintering the conductive ink layer and the insulative ink layer to form an electromagnetic shielding layer and an insulative layer, thereby obtaining the electromagnetic shielding film.

To provide an image forming set including: an aqueous ink including a colorant, a water-soluble organic solvent, and water; and a post-treatment liquid including a water-soluble organic solvent, water, and at least one of a urethane resin and an acrylic resin, wherein a solubility parameter of a mixed solution of the water-soluble organic solvent and the water in the post-treatment liquid is lower than a solubility parameter of a mixed solution of the water-soluble organic solvent and the water in the aqueous ink by 1.5 (cal/cm.sup.3).sup.1/2 or greater.

To provide an image forming set including: an aqueous ink including a colorant, a water-soluble organic solvent, and water; and a post-treatment liquid including a water-soluble organic solvent, water, and at least one of a urethane resin and an acrylic resin, wherein a solubility parameter of a mixed solution of the water-soluble organic solvent and the water in the post-treatment liquid is lower than a solubility parameter of a mixed solution of the water-soluble organic solvent and the water in the aqueous ink by 1.5 (cal/cm.sup.3).sup.1/2 or greater.

A coalescing agent for three-dimensional (3D) printing includes a co-solvent, a surfactant having a hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) value that is less than 10, a carbon black pigment, a polymeric dispersant, and a balance of water. The cosolvent is present in an amount ranging from about 15 wt % to about 30 wt % of a total wt % of the coalescing agent. The surfactant is present in an amount ranging from about 0.5 wt % to about 1.4 wt % of the total wt % of the coalescing agent. The carbon black pigment is present in an amount ranging from about 3.0 wt % to about 6.0 wt % of the total wt % of the coalescing agent. The polymeric dispersant has a weight average molecular weight ranging from about 12,000 to about 20,000.

An aqueous inkjet ink composition including a pigment, an alkali-soluble resin, a surfactant, a water-soluble solvent, and water. The water-soluble solvent contains a solvent A having a boiling point of 100° C. or more and 200° C. or less at 1 atm and 4 or less carbon atoms and 2 or more hydroxy groups in a molecule, and a solvent B having a boiling point of 100° C. or more and 200° C. or less at 1 atm and 4 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms, 1 or less hydroxy groups, and 1 or more methoxy groups in a molecule, and the aqueous inkjet ink composition has a total percentage of the solvent a and the solvent b of 20% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less. The aqueous inkjet ink composition has good storage stability, ejection stability, and drying property of the coating film.