A method of forming a coating composition for application to a substrate utilizing a high efficiency transfer applicator. The method includes identifying at least one of an Ohnesorge number (Oh) for the coating composition, a Reynolds number (Re) for the coating composition, or a Deborah number (De) for the coating composition. The method includes obtaining at least one of a viscosity () of the coating composition, a surface tension () of the coating composition, a density () of the coating composition, a relaxation time () of the coating composition, a nozzle diameter (D) of the high efficiency transfer applicator, or an impact velocity (v) of the high efficiency transfer applicator. The method includes forming the coating composition having at least one of the viscosity (), the surface tension (), or the density (). The coating composition is configured to be applied to the substrate utilizing the high efficiency transfer applicator having at least one of the nozzle diameter (D) or the impact velocity (v).

A method of forming a coating composition for application to a substrate utilizing a high efficiency transfer applicator. The method includes identifying at least one of an Ohnesorge number (Oh) for the coating composition, a Reynolds number (Re) for the coating composition, or a Deborah number (De) for the coating composition. The method includes obtaining at least one of a viscosity () of the coating composition, a surface tension () of the coating composition, a density () of the coating composition, a relaxation time () of the coating composition, a nozzle diameter (D) of the high efficiency transfer applicator, or an impact velocity (v) of the high efficiency transfer applicator. The method includes forming the coating composition having at least one of the viscosity (), the surface tension (), or the density (). The coating composition is configured to be applied to the substrate utilizing the high efficiency transfer applicator having at least one of the nozzle diameter (D) or the impact velocity (v).

Ink includes water, a coloring material, and a copolymer including a first structure unit represented by the following Chemical formula 1 and a second structure unit including an anionic group. ##STR00001## In the Chemical formula, R represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, X represents an alkylene group having 2-4 carbon atoms, and Y represents a substituted or non-substituted straight-chain alkylene group having 5 to 7 carbon atoms.

Ink includes water, a coloring material, and a copolymer including a first structure unit represented by the following Chemical formula 1 and a second structure unit including an anionic group. ##STR00001## In the Chemical formula, R represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, X represents an alkylene group having 2-4 carbon atoms, and Y represents a substituted or non-substituted straight-chain alkylene group having 5 to 7 carbon atoms.

A system for applying a coating composition to a substrate utilizing a high transfer efficiency applicator is provided herein. The system includes a storage device for storing instructions for performing a matching protocol, and one or more data processors configured to execute the instructions to, receive, by one or more data processors, target image data of a target coating, the target image data generated by an electronic imaging device, and apply the target image data to a matching protocol to generate application instructions. The system further includes a high transfer efficiency applicator defining a nozzle orifice. The high transfer efficiency applicator is configured to expel the coating composition through the nozzle orifice to the substrate to form a coating layer. The high transfer efficiency applicator is configured expel the coating composition based on the application instructions.

A system for applying a coating composition to a substrate utilizing a high transfer efficiency applicator is provided herein. The system includes a storage device for storing instructions for performing a matching protocol, and one or more data processors configured to execute the instructions to, receive, by one or more data processors, target image data of a target coating, the target image data generated by an electronic imaging device, and apply the target image data to a matching protocol to generate application instructions. The system further includes a high transfer efficiency applicator defining a nozzle orifice. The high transfer efficiency applicator is configured to expel the coating composition through the nozzle orifice to the substrate to form a coating layer. The high transfer efficiency applicator is configured expel the coating composition based on the application instructions.

Optical effect pigment comprising a plurality of layers and a magnetic element, the layers can be arranged in two stacks of asymmetric layers or in a single stack of layers and comprise at least an absorber layer and at least a dielectric layer and can further comprise a reflector layer. The magnetic element presents a magnetisation which is out-of-plane, i.e. predominantly perpendicular to the plane of the pigment, which allows a deposition on the printing substrate whereby the face of the pigment lying up or down on the substrate can be predetermined. Such effect pigment has applications in many fields and specifically in security printing, where due to controlled deposition for instance a double-stack pigment will produce a different optical effect on each of its faces.

An ink set includes an ink A including water, a first organic solvent, and a first pigment and an ink B including water, a second organic solvent, a second pigment, and a urethane resin particle. The first organic solvent includes at least one of N,N-dimethyl--buthoxy propionamide, N,N-dimethyl--methoxy propionamide, and 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyl oxetane and has a mixing solubility parameter A of 10.00 to less than 13.00 and the second organic solvent has a mixing solubility parameter B of 13.00 to 16.00.

An ink set includes an ink A including water, a first organic solvent, and a first pigment and an ink B including water, a second organic solvent, a second pigment, and a urethane resin particle. The first organic solvent includes at least one of N,N-dimethyl--buthoxy propionamide, N,N-dimethyl--methoxy propionamide, and 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyl oxetane and has a mixing solubility parameter A of 10.00 to less than 13.00 and the second organic solvent has a mixing solubility parameter B of 13.00 to 16.00.

The method of the invention provides a simple, reproducible reference, or set of reference standards, as a validation of a calibration standard for filter-based measurements of light absorbing aerosol particles (black carbon and brown carbon) and organic carbon and elemental carbon particles found in indoor and outdoor environments, and in emission streams. The set of reference standards comprise grayscale images deposited by a mist or print at a known density on a substrate material. The reference standards may be made by a printer using as a substrate either paper or another material such as glass fiber, quartz fiber, polypropylene, or cellulose.