A novel biodegradable material for use in packaging applications, including food packaging applications, is provided. The disclosed biodegradable material is simple and cost efficient to manufacture, provides a superior water vapor barrier and/or oxygen barrier that is superior to prior art biodegradable and/or compostable materials used in packaging applications, and can withstand exposure to a wide variety of physical and chemical environments.

A resin composition containing a hydrophilic resin and a metal compound, and satisfies the following expression (1) when being formed into a film:

α1−β1≥1  (1)

wherein α1 is an average metal atom concentration (%) in a portion of the film in a depth range of 0 to 9 nm from a film surface, and β1 is an average metal atom concentration (%) in a portion of the film in a depth range of 12 to 21 nm from the film surface. The resin composition is excellent in gas barrier property, particularly in oxygen barrier property, in a high humidity environment.

A resin composition containing a hydrophilic resin and a metal compound, and satisfies the following expression (1) when being formed into a film:

α1−β1≥1  (1)

wherein α1 is an average metal atom concentration (%) in a portion of the film in a depth range of 0 to 9 nm from a film surface, and β1 is an average metal atom concentration (%) in a portion of the film in a depth range of 12 to 21 nm from the film surface. The resin composition is excellent in gas barrier property, particularly in oxygen barrier property, in a high humidity environment.

A resin composition containing a polyvinyl alcohol resin, wherein there are two different components when methylene carbon at 44 to 46 ppm is separated into components according to a .sup.13C spin-lattice relaxation time T.sub.1C, one of the two different components having a relaxation time T.sub.1C of not greater than 50 seconds as observed when the resin composition is analyzed through solid-state NMR measurement by placing a 4-mm ϕ zirconia rotor filled with the resin composition in a 9.4-T static magnetic field at a .sup.1H resonance frequency of 400 MHz and a .sup.13C resonance frequency of 100 MHz, and rotating the zirconia rotor at 5,000 Hz at 23° C. under magic angle spinning conditions. The resin composition is excellent in gas barrier property, particularly in oxygen barrier property, in a high humidity environment.

The present disclosure relates to support structures for three dimensional (3D) printing, methods of preparing the support structures, and methods of using the support structures. In particular, the support structures comprise a hydrogel comprised of a cellulose derivative. Preferably, the support structures are biodegradable and easily removed without generating toxic waste.

A treated cellulosic material comprising: a cellulosic material having a porous structure defining a plurality of pores, the cellulosic material comprising wood including wood or wood composite materials, at least a portion of the pores containing a treating agent comprising: a polymer comprising a water soluble polyol; and a modifying agent comprising a hydrophobic polymer. A method for preparing a treated cellulosic material comprising: providing a cellulosic material; a first treatment protocol comprising impregnating the cellulosic material with a solution comprising a polymer, the polymer comprising a water soluble polyol; and a second treatment protocol comprising impregnating the cellulosic material with a modifying agent, the modifying agent comprising a hydrophobic polymer dispersed in an aqueous dispersion.

A treated cellulosic material comprising: a cellulosic material having a porous structure defining a plurality of pores, the cellulosic material comprising wood including wood or wood composite materials, at least a portion of the pores containing a treating agent comprising: a polymer comprising a water soluble polyol; and a modifying agent comprising a hydrophobic polymer. A method for preparing a treated cellulosic material comprising: providing a cellulosic material; a first treatment protocol comprising impregnating the cellulosic material with a solution comprising a polymer, the polymer comprising a water soluble polyol; and a second treatment protocol comprising impregnating the cellulosic material with a modifying agent, the modifying agent comprising a hydrophobic polymer dispersed in an aqueous dispersion.

A material composition for manufacturing a translucent conductive film includes a fluid. The material composition further includes nanostructures disposed within the fluid. The material composition further includes a component that modifies a structure of a joint formed between at least two nanostructures of the plurality of nanostructures after the component is activated. The component may be activated by applying heath or optical radiation to the component.

A material composition for manufacturing a translucent conductive film includes a fluid. The material composition further includes nanostructures disposed within the fluid. The material composition further includes a component that modifies a structure of a joint formed between at least two nanostructures of the plurality of nanostructures after the component is activated. The component may be activated by applying heath or optical radiation to the component.

A single coated conductor for an overhead power transmission or distribution line is provided comprising one or more electrical conductors (400) and a first coating (401) provided on at least a portion of the one or more electrical conductors (400). The first coating (401) comprises: (i) an inorganic binder comprising an alkali metal silicate; (ii) a polymerisation agent comprising nanosilica (“nS”) or colloidal silica (SiO.sub.2); and (iii) a photocatalytic agent, wherein the photocatalytic agent comprises ≥70 wt % anatase titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2) having an average particle size (“aps”)≤100 nm. The first coating (401) has an average thermal emissivity coefficient E≥0.90 across the infrared spectrum 2.5-30.0 μm and has an average solar reflectivity coefficient R≥0.90 and/or an average solar absorptivity coefficient A≤0.10 across the solar spectrum 0.3-2.5 μm.