A high water transfer electrochemical compressor is described having a ‘n’ transfer of water through the ion conducting membrane of greater than one. This may be accomplished by reducing the equivalent weight of the ion conducting polymer, such as an ionomer to less than about 900 and/or by reinforcing the low equivalent weight ionomer with a support material, such as an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. This may be accomplished by making components of the electrochemical cell hydrophilic including the electrodes and/or gas diffusion media. This may be accomplished by adding a flow component to a feed fluid or refrigerant, such as an alcohol, acid, or acetone, for example. A flow component may modify an electrode and/or the ion conducting media, by rendering them hydrophilic. A flow component may swell an ion conducting media enable high transport of the working fluid.

A composition comprising an orthoester and an organosilane, and in some embodiments, a metal deactivator, antioxidant, lubricant and/or corrosion inhibitor. Also, disclosed is use of the composition for use in increasing thermal conductivity of internal fluids in air conditioning and refrigerant systems.

A hybrid structure ultraviolet dye for leak detection in an appliance includes a ceramic matrix defining pores, and fluorophores encapsulated in nanoparticles bonded to the ceramic matrix within the pores. Upon excitation, the fluorophores release energy and emit fluorescent light to be detected under an ultraviolet lamp. The hybrid structure ultraviolet dye can be included in the refrigerant of a sealed system such that upon refrigerant, the hybrid structure ultraviolet dye, or both exit the sealed system at a leak onto external surfaces of the components, the color emitted by the fluorophores can be detected via application of a UV light.

A refrigeration apparatus includes a heat source unit, a utilization unit, and a liquid refrigerant pipe and gas refrigerant pipe. The utilization unit has utilization unit internal pipelines. The liquid refrigerant pipe and the gas refrigerant pipe connect the heat source unit and the utilization unit internal pipelines. A refrigerant circulates through the heat source unit, the utilization unit, the liquid refrigerant pipe, and the gas refrigerant pipe. The refrigerant contains a compound represented by a molecular formula having one or more carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds. A disproportionation inhibitor for reducing a disproportionation reaction of the refrigerant is applied to at least a part of inner surfaces of the liquid refrigerant pipe, the gas refrigerant pipe, and the utilization unit internal pipelines.

A hybrid structure ultraviolet dye for leak detection in an appliance includes a ceramic matrix defining pores, and fluorophores encapsulated in nanoparticles bonded to the ceramic matrix within the pores. Upon excitation, the fluorophores release energy and emit fluorescent light to be detected under an ultraviolet lamp. The hybrid structure ultraviolet dye can be included in the refrigerant of a sealed system such that upon refrigerant, the hybrid structure ultraviolet dye, or both exit the sealed system at a leak onto external surfaces of the components, the color emitted by the fluorophores can be detected via application of a UV light.

The invention relates to a method for cooling a superconducting cable (1) using a coolant containing or consisting of liquid nitrogen, wherein at least a part of the coolant is subjected to a subcooling step and thereafter brought into thermal contact with the superconducting cable (1) in a cooling cycle, wherein said subcooling step is at least in part performed using a refrigerant provided in a Brayton process in which at least a part of the refrigerant is cooled and heated in a main heat exchanger (11). According to the present invention, a part of the coolant is withdrawn from the cooling cycle and heated in the same main heat exchanger (11) in which at least a part of the refrigerant is cooled and heated in the Brayton process. A corresponding device and a corresponding system are also part of the present invention.

A notifier notifies a user of a warning when a ratio of first refrigerant is different from a suitable value, the ratio being determined from a first difference between a first temperature and a second temperature and from a second difference between a third temperature and a fourth temperature. The first temperature is a temperature of a non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture between a first heat exchanger and a second heat exchanger. The second temperature is a temperature of the non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture between the second heat exchanger and a first expansion valve. The third temperature is a temperature of the non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture between a first decompressor and a first connecting point. The fourth temperature is a temperature of the non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture between a second decompressor and the first connecting point.

Provided is a chiller and system that may be utilized in a supercritical fluid chromatography method, wherein a non-polar solvent may replace a portion or all of a polar solvent for the purpose of separating or extracting desired sample molecules from a combined sample/solvent stream. The system may reduce the amount of polar solvent necessary for chromatographic separation and/or extraction of desired samples. The system may incorporate a supercritical fluid chiller, a supercritical fluid pressure-equalizing vessel and a supercritical fluid cyclonic separator. The supercritical fluid chiller allows for efficient and consistent pumping of liquid-phase gases employing off-the-shelf HPLC pumps. The pressure equalizing vessel allows the use of off-the-shelf HPLC column cartridges. The system may further incorporate the use of one or more disposable cartridges containing silica gel or other suitable medium. The system may also utilize an open loop cooling circuit using fluids with a positive Joule-Thompson coefficient.

A heat medium contains liquefied isobutane, liquefied carbon dioxide, and liquid nitrogen. The content of liquefied isobutane is 20 to 30% by mass of the total amount of the heat medium, the content of liquefied carbon dioxide is 50 to 70% by mass of the total amount of the heat medium, and the content of liquid nitrogen is 10 to 20% by mass of the total amount of the heat medium. Even if containing flammable liquefied isobutane, the heat medium is non-flammable because it is mixed with non-flammable liquefied carbon dioxide. The heat medium does not contain chlorine or fluorine, so that it has a low environmental load.

A cooling system includes a compressor configured to pressurize carbon dioxide to form pressurized carbon dioxide, a mixer configured to generate mixed refrigerant in which the pressurized carbon dioxide and solvent in a liquid state, a depressurization apparatus provided downstream from the mixer and configured to depressurize the mixed refrigerant, a separator configured to separate carbon dioxide in a gas state from the mixed refrigerant, a heat exchanger configured to exchange heat between the mixed refrigerant cooled through depressurization and a fluid to be cooled, and a second heat exchanger configured to cool the carbon dioxide or the mixed refrigerant using vaporized carbon dioxide or the mixed refrigerant.