An electrochromic element including: a first electrode; a second electrode that is opposed to and apart from the first electrode; and an electrolyte that is between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the first electrode includes a polymerized product of an electrochromic composition that includes a radical-polymerizable compound including a triarylamine backbone, and wherein the second electrode includes a compound represented by General Formula (I) where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each denote a hydrogen atom, an aryl group including 14 or less carbon atoms, a heteroaryl group including 14 or less carbon atoms, a branched alkyl group including 10 or less carbon atoms, an alkenyl group including 10 or less carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group including 10 or less carbon atoms, or a functional group that is capable of binding to a hydroxyl group; n and m each denote 0 or an integer of from 1 through 10; and X.sup. denotes a charge-neutralizing ion.

The present invention generally relates to fluorescent marking compositions and their use to determine whether a surface has been cleaned. More particularly, the marking compositions comprise fluorescent polymers.

An object of the present invention is to provide a medium which is capable of inhibiting precipitation and/or aggregation of fluorescent dye-containing resin particles and enables to use the fluorescent dye-containing resin particles for staining after a long-term storage without having to perform complicated operations. The present invention provides a medium for storing fluorescent dye-containing resin particles, wherein, in a particle-containing liquid obtained by adding fluorescent dye-containing resin particles to the medium, the rate of change in the backscatter intensity (transmitted light) at the center of the height of the particle-containing liquid left to stand for 24 hours after the addition is not less than 1% based on the particle-containing liquid immediately after the addition.

A method of storing fluorescent dye-containing resin particles comprising adding the fluorescent dye-containing resin particles in a liquid comprising a buffer, a protein, and a surfactant, thereby obtaining a particle-containing liquid. The rate of change in the backscatter intensity (transmitted light) at the center of the height of the particle-containing liquid left to stand for 24 hours after the adding is not less than 1% based on the particle-containing liquid immediately after the adding.

A polymer and a light-emitting device employing the same are provided. The polymer includes a first repeat unit with a structure represented by Formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein the definitions of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, and Z.sup.1 and n are as defined in the specification. At least one of A.sup.1, A.sup.2, and A.sup.3 is not hydrogen.

An arylamine-fluorene alternating copolymer having a structural unit (A) is represented by Chemical Formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein Chemical Formula (1) is the same as described in the detailed description.

A high molecular weight compound according to the present invention includes a substituted triarylamine structural unit represented by a general formula (1) below,

##STR00001## where Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.2 are a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group or a divalent aromatic heterocyclic group, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 represent a hydrogen atom, a heavy hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a cyano group, a nitro group, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkyloxy group, or a cycloalkyloxy group, X, Y and Z are, on the condition that at least one of them is an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, or a group similar to the groups represented by R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 above.

The present invention relates to certain fluorenes, to the use of the compounds in an electronic device, and to an electronic device comprising at least one of these compounds. The present invention furthermore relates to a process for the preparation of the compounds and to a formulation and composition comprising one or more of the compounds.

The present invention relates to certain fluorenes, to the use of the compounds in an electronic device, and to an electronic device comprising at least one of these compounds. The present invention furthermore relates to a process for the preparation of the compounds and to a formulation and composition comprising one or more of the compounds.

An upconversion multicolor light-emitting polymer composite implements red, green, and blue colors at wavelengths in each specific region by mixing: an upconversion nanophosphor emitting light in red and blue colors at wavelengths in each specific region by absorbing the infrared light; an upconversion nanophosphor emitting light in green and blue colors at wavelengths in each specific region by absorbing the infrared light; and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer. Accordingly, a volumetric display with excellent color reproducibility may be realized with a simple manufacturing process.