Methods and a system for manufacturing a base stock from an ethanol stream are provided. An example method includes dehydrating an ethanol stream to form an impure ethylene stream, recovering an ethylene stream from the impure ethylene stream, and oligomerizing the ethylene stream to form a raw oligomer stream. A light olefinic stream is distilled from the raw oligomer stream and blended with the ethylene stream prior to the oligomerization. A heavy olefinic stream is distilled from the raw oligomer stream and hydro-processed to form a hydro-processed stream. The hydro-processed stream is distilled to form the base stock.

A method for producing a hydrocarbon liquid fuel including hydrocracking a raw material oil in the presence of a hydrocracking catalyst, at a supplying pressure of hydrogen of from 0.1 to 1.0 MPa, a liquid space velocity of liquid volume of the raw material oil of from 0.05 to 10.0 hr.sup.1, and a flow rate of the hydrogen from 50 to 3,000 NL per 1 L of the raw material oil, wherein the hydrocracking catalyst is produced by a method including stirring a sulfur compound and a cracking catalyst in an aqueous medium to allow liquid-solid separation (step 1); stirring a solid product obtained in the step 1 and a metal component in an aqueous medium to allow liquid-solid separation (step 2); baking a solid product obtained in the step 2 (step 3); and reducing a solid product obtained in the step 3, or reducing a solid product obtained in the step 3, and then subjecting a reduced product to sulfurization treatment (step 4). According to the present invention, the hydrocracking of a raw material oil such as fats and oils and biomass retort oils, or a hydrocarbon or the like in petroleum oils, in a given composition can be accomplished by supplying a low-pressure hydrogen of a normal pressure or so.

The present invention relates to methods for producing metal-supported thin layer skeletal catalyst structures, to methods for producing catalyst support structures without separately applying an intermediate washcoat layer, and to novel catalyst compositions produced by these methods. Catalyst precursors may be interdiffused with the underlying metal support then activated to create catalytically active skeletal alloy surfaces. The resulting metal-anchored skeletal layers provide increased conversion per geometric area compared to conversions from other types of supported alloy catalysts of similar bulk compositions, and provide resistance to activity loss when used under severe on-stream conditions. Particular compositions of the metal-supported skeletal catalyst alloy structures can be used for conventional steam methane reforming to produce syngas from natural gas and steam, for hydrodeoxygenation of pyrolysis bio-oils, and for other metal-catalyzed reactions inter alia.

A process for converting a biomass-derived pyrolysis oil in which the pyrolysis oil is contacted with hydrogen in the presence of a certain catalyst containing one or more Group VIII metals is provided. The catalyst is prepared by (a) comulling (1) a refractory oxide, (2) a small amount of liquid, chosen such that the Loss On Ignition (LOI) at 485 C. of the mixture is from equal to or more than 20 wt % to equal to or less than 70 wt % based on the total weight of the catalyst composition, and (3) at least one or more metal component(s), which is/are at least partially insoluble in the amount of liquid used, to form a mixture, and the metal component(s) is/are one or more Group VIII metal component, (b) optionally shaping, and drying of the mixture thus obtained; and (c) calcining the composition thus obtained to provide a calcined catalyst.

A method for converting an alcohol to a hydrocarbon, the method comprising contacting said alcohol with a metal-loaded zeolite catalyst at a temperature of at least 100 C. and up to 550 C., wherein said alcohol can be produced by a fermentation process, said metal is a positively-charged metal ion, and said metal-loaded zeolite catalyst is catalytically active for converting said alcohol to said hydrocarbon.

A process for deoxygenating a pyrolysis oil stream comprises purposely limiting complete deoxygenation of the pyrolysis oil stream having a high oxygenate concentration to provide a hydrotreated pyrolysis oil stream that is sufficiently reduced in oxygenate content to mix with oil. By not fully deoxygenating the pyrolysis oil stream, the deoxygenation reaction can be run with little risk of undesirable polymerization reactions plugging the reactor.

The present disclosure provides catalysts, reactor systems, and methods for the conversion of carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas into paraffins, olefins, and other hydrocarbon products. Methods for utilization of mixtures of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen gas in a manner distinct from legacy Fischer-Tropsch reactors to produce hydrocarbons is also included.

Provided is a conversion process for an inferior oil, relating to the field of biomass utilization, energy and chemical industry. The conversion process is carried out in presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of an iron oxide compound, a desulfurization waste agent resulting from use of an iron oxide compound as desulfurizer, and a regeneration product of the desulfurization waste agent, under a controlled molar ratio of iron element to sulfur element. It is found that free radical condensation polymerization of inferior oil during cracking process can be blocked effectively by using carbonylation, and hydrogenation is achieved with active hydrogen produced from the conversion of CO and water. In the conversion process, inferior oil can be, directly converted, thereby increasing liquefaction yield and calorific value of the obtained oils. No large amount of waste water is generated after completion of the conversion.

The present disclosure provides a process for preparing a hydrocarbon fuel from waste rubber. The process involves admixing, in a reaction vessel, at least one fluid medium with the waste rubber to obtain a slurry; wherein the concentration of the waste rubber in the slurry ranges from 45% to 70%. A reactor is charged with the slurry and a predetermined amount of at least one catalyst composition to obtain a mixture, followed by introduction of hydrogen to the reactor to attain a predetermined pressure and heating the mixture at a predetermined temperature, to attain an autogenously generated pressure, and for a predetermined time period to obtain a reaction mass comprising the hydrocarbon fuel. This reaction mass comprising the hydrocarbon fuel is then cooled to obtain a cooled reaction mass. The hydrocarbon fuel is then separated from the cooled reaction mass.

Methods for utilizing carbon dioxide to produce multi-carbon products are disclosed. The systems and methods of the present disclosure involve: reducing CO.sub.2 to produce a first product mixture comprising an alcohol product mixture comprising one or more alcohols and a paraffin product mixture comprising one or more paraffins; dehydrating the alcohol product mixture to form an olefin product mixture comprising one or more olefins; oligomerizing the olefin product mixture to form a higher olefin product mixture comprising unsaturated paraffins and optionally aromatics; and reducing the higher olefin product mixture to form a higher hydrocarbon product mixture comprising unsaturated paraffins and optionally aromatics. Catalyst materials and reaction conditions for individual steps are disclosed to optimize yield for ethanol or jet fuel range hydrocarbons.