Embodiments of a composition of the present invention for scavenging sulfides from hydrocarbon fluids and water generally include diaminol/diaminacetal provided in a chemical system, wherein the diaminol/diaminacetal is prepared by reacting one molar equivalent of glyoxal and two molar equivalents of a primary amine functionality. In various embodiments, the chemical system includes at least one component selected from surfactants, hydrotropes, alcohols, amines, amino acids, and ethers. Embodiments of a method for scavenging sulfides from hydrocarbon fluids and water is also provided.

Embodiments of a composition of the present invention for scavenging sulfides from hydrocarbon fluids and water generally include diaminol/diaminacetal provided in a chemical system, wherein the diaminol/diaminacetal is prepared by reacting one molar equivalent of glyoxal and two molar equivalents of a primary amine functionality. In various embodiments, the chemical system includes at least one component selected from surfactants, hydrotropes, alcohols, amines, amino acids, and ethers. Embodiments of a method for scavenging sulfides from hydrocarbon fluids and water is also provided.

Methods for separation of oxygenates or other chemical components from fuels using chemical processes and separations including, but not limited to, onboard applications in vehicles. These separations may take place using a variety of materials and substances whereby a target material of interest is captured, held, and then released at a desired location and under desired conditions. In one set of experiments we demonstrated an enhancement in the separation of diaromatics by >38 times over gasoline and aromatics by >3.5 times over gasoline. This would give an advantage to reducing cold-start emissions, or emissions during transient conditions, in either gasoline or diesel.

Described is a novel process for disaggregating biomass pyrolysis oil quantitatively into energy dense hydrophobic aromatic fraction (HAF), fermentable pyrolytic sugars and phenolics based products in a highly economical and energy efficient manner. Phase separation of the esterified pyrolysis oil after an oxidative pre-treatment and the quantitative recovery of the separate fractions is described. Phase separation uses batch as well as continuous reactor systems. The resulting HAF is an energy dense, thermally stable, water free, non-corrosive to carbon steel, and is a free flowing liquid suitable for combustion and for upgrading to transportation fuels. Pyrolytic sugars which are mainly anhydrosugars can be further converted by fermentation to ethanol or other products. Monomeric phenols are useful industrial intermediates and the organic acids in the original pyrolysis oil are mainly recovered as esters of the separation solvents.

A desulfurization system has an oxidation process unit, and a multi-stage, liquid-liquid extraction unit in series with the oxidation process unit. The multi-stage, liquid-liquid extraction unit spits a fuel input from the oxidation process unit into a desulfurized fuel that is output for use, and a by-product. A solvent/sulfur/hydrocarbon separation process unit receives the by-product from the multi-stage, liquid-liquid extraction unit.

A desulfurization system has an oxidation process unit, and a multi-stage, liquid-liquid extraction unit in series with the oxidation process unit. The multi-stage, liquid-liquid extraction unit spits a fuel input from the oxidation process unit into a desulfurized fuel that is output for use, and a by-product. A solvent/sulfur/hydrocarbon separation process unit receives the by-product from the multi-stage, liquid-liquid extraction unit.

The invention provides a method of desulfurizing an oil composition, the method comprising: flowing an oil composition comprising sulfur through a conduit comprising a constricted region, wherein oil-phase bubbles form in the constricted region and collapse in a turbulent zone downstream of the constricted region; contacting the oil composition with an immiscible deep eutectic solvent in the turbulent zone, thereby extracting at least a portion of the sulfur from the oil composition into association with the deep eutectic solvent; and separating the deep eutectic solvent and the extracted sulfur from the desulfurized oil composition.

The invention provides a method of desulfurizing an oil composition, the method comprising: flowing an oil composition comprising sulfur through a conduit comprising a constricted region, wherein oil-phase bubbles form in the constricted region and collapse in a turbulent zone downstream of the constricted region; contacting the oil composition with an immiscible deep eutectic solvent in the turbulent zone, thereby extracting at least a portion of the sulfur from the oil composition into association with the deep eutectic solvent; and separating the deep eutectic solvent and the extracted sulfur from the desulfurized oil composition.

A process for preparing a purified benzene composition from a crude hydrocarbon stream containing at least 10% by volume of benzene is provided. The process comprises subjecting the crude hydrocarbon stream and a further recycled benzene containing stream to a solvent-based extraction so as to produce a benzene enriched aromatic stream and a benzene depleted non-aromatic stream, subjecting the benzene enriched aromatic stream to a hydrodesulfurization so as to obtain a desulfurized aromatic stream, subjecting the desulfurized aromatic stream to a distillation producing a purified benzene stream and a further benzene containing stream having a benzene concentration of between less than 100% by weight and the azeotropic benzene concentration, and at least partially recycling the further benzene containing stream.

Described is a novel process for disaggregating biomass pyrolysis oil quantitatively into energy dense hydrophobic aromatic fraction (HAF), fermentable pyrolytic sugars and phenolics based products in a highly economical and energy efficient manner. Phase separation of the esterified pyrolysis oil after an oxidative pre-treatment and the quantitative recovery of the separate fractions is described. Phase separation uses batch as well as continuous reactor systems. The resulting HAF is an energy dense, thermally stable, water free, non-corrosive to carbon steel, and is a free flowing liquid suitable for combustion and for upgrading to transportation fuels. Pyrolytic sugars which are mainly anhydrosugars can be further converted by fermentation to ethanol or other products. Monomeric phenols are useful industrial intermediates and the organic acids in the original pyrolysis oil are mainly recovered as esters of the separation solvents.